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Übersichtsarbeit

Schwangerschaft und Alkohol

Pregnancy and Alcohol: Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol for the Child

Published Online:September 14, 2010https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000034

Abstract

Hintergrund: Die Konsequenzen pränataler Alkoholexposition sind seit über 30 Jahren in der Literatur umfassend dokumentiert und betreffen neben Geburtskomplikationen vor allem die dauerhafte Schädigung des zentralen Nervensystems. Methodik: Es wurde Literatur der letzten 5 Jahre zum Thema Konsequenzen pränataler Alkoholexposition über die Datenbank «pubmed.gov» und «google.at» recherchiert. Ergebnisse: In westlichen Ländern zählt pränatale Alkoholexposition zu den führenden Ursachen für mentale Entwicklungsverzögerungen. Die Prävalenz der Frauen mit Alkoholerkrankung steigt, doch nicht nur intensiver Alkoholkonsum, sondern auch geringer Gebrauch oder vereinzelte Trinkexzesse werden als riskant eingestuft. Diskussion: Zur Erreichung von Abstinenz/Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums werden neben pharmakologischen vor allem psychosoziale Interventionen propagiert. Wesentlich für langfristige Behandlungserfolge ist die Weiterbetreuung von Hochrisiko-Müttern nach Geburt ihres Kindes, mit Fokus auf Festigung der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung, individuelle Förderung des Kindes sowie Anleitung der Mutter zur Verbesserung von Basisfertigkeiten des alltäglichen Lebens.


Background: The consequences of prenatal exposure to alcohol have been well documented in the literature for the last 30 years. Because alcohol crosses the placental barrier, cognitive and functional disabilities, conduct disorder, and mental health problems are prevalent side effects. Methods: A literature research was done via the pubmed.gov database and google.at; included were studies on the consequences of prenatal exposure to alcohol published within the last 5 years. Results: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are among the leading known causes of mental retardation in children in Western countries. The number of women suffering from alcohol disorders has continuously increased over time. Yet not only intense and frequent use, also irregular, albeit excessive, drinking constitutes a high risk of impaired development in the child. Conclusions: We propose early pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to achieve abstinence or at least reduce consumption. Long-term support for high-risk mothers should focus on strengthening the mother-child bond, supporting the child with his or her individual impairments, and helping the mother to improve her skills in mastering everyday activities.

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