Kompensatorische Plastizität bei blinden Menschen
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Studien mit blinden Menschen stellen eine ausgezeichnete Möglichkeit dar, die Adaptivität des Zentralnervensystems im Humanbereich zu untersuchen. Fallen Eingänge aus einem Sinneskanal aus, ist das System stärker auf die Leistung der verbleibenden Modalitäten angewiesen. Hier stellt sich die Frage, ob bzw. inwieweit der Verlust eines Sinneskanals durch die verbleibenden Modalitäten kompensiert werden kann. In einer Reihe von Studien wurden kompensatorische Leistungen u.a., für die auditive und taktile Wahrnehmung, räumliche Kognitionen, Sprache und Gedächtnis untersucht. Um Aufschluss über die neuronalen Grundlagen behavioraler Adaptivität blinder Menschen zu erhalten, wurde dabei die Gehirnaktivität mit Hilfe ereigniskorrelierter Potenziale und der funktionellen Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Gehirn auf den Verlust eines Sinnessystems mit einer Steigerung der Verarbeitungseffizienz in einer Reihe perzeptuell-kognitiver Funktionen reagiert. Neuronale Veränderungen wurden sowohl innerhalb der intakten Sinnessysteme beobachtet (intramodale Plastizität) als auch über die Modalitätsgrenzen hinweg (intermodale Plastizität).
Abstract: The visual deprivation model provides a good opportunity to study the adaptive capacities of the brain in humans. The lack of input of one sensory system results in a higher reliance of the system on input of the remaining senses. Aim of a series of studies was to find out if the lack of visual input can be compensated for by an enhanced functionality of the remaining sensory systems. Perceptual-cognitive functions of different complexities were investigated including auditory and tactile perception, spatial cognition, language and memory. The neural correlates of compensatory behavior were investigated with event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results suggest that the brain is able to adapt to the loss of one sense by increasing the processing efficiency within the intact sensory systems both at basic and more complex processing levels. Compensatory behavior is mediated by neural changes within the intact sensory systems (intramodal plasticity) as well as changes that cross modality boarders (intermodal plasticity).
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