Die Validität des autobiographischen Gedächtnisses
Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Längsschnittsstudie von der Kindheit bis zum Erwachsenenalter
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Die Validität des autobiographischen Gedächtnisses wird kontrovers diskutiert, bislang fehlen prospektive Längsschnittstudien weitgehend. Die vorliegende Studie überprüft die Validität des autobiographischen Gedächtnisses anhand der Daten einer prospektiven epidemiologischen Längsschnittstudie, die in vier Untersuchungswellen 399 achtjährige Kinder bis zum Alter von 25 Jahren begleitete. Im Alter von 25 Jahren wurden die Erinnerungsleistungen der Probanden an Kernfakten, Erziehungsstil der Eltern, eigene psychische Probleme sowie Lebensereignisse aus Kindheit und Jugend mit Hilfe eines voll strukturierten Fragebogens erhoben. Mit Ausnahme der Kernfakten waren die Erinnerungsleistungen durchweg schlecht, intelligente Probanden zeigten insgesamt bessere Erinnerungsleistungen, junge Erwachsene mit psychischen Störungen berichteten vermehrt auch früher nicht vorhandene Symptome. Die retrospektive Erfassung früherer Lebensereignisse, der Beziehung zu den Eltern und psychischer Auffälligkeiten im Rahmen von Risikostudien und klinischen Studien ist sehr bedenklich.
Abstract. The validity of autobiographical memory is currently subject of a controversial debate. Almost without exception, the investigations carried out to date have numerous methodological weaknesses. The present study investigates the validity of autobiographical memory using data from a prospective longitudinal study involving 399 8-year-old children who were followed till the age of 25 years. At the age of 25 years the autobiographical memory performance was tested using a fully structured questionnaire assessing hard facts, the educational methods of the parents, problem behavior and psychological disorders of the child, as well as life events. Apart from the hard facts, the memory performance turned out to be rather poor. More intelligent subjects showed better memory performances, subjects with psychological disorders reported more false symptoms. The retrospective collection of early life events, educational methods, and psychological disorders in risk and clinical studies is questionable.
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