Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ausgehend von der Integration des Gedächtnisvorteils für ausgeführte Handlungen in die multimodale Theorie des episodischen Gedächtnisses durch J. Engelkamp (1997) werden drei spezielle Fragestellungen zum sogenannten Tu-Effekt diskutiert und in statistischen Reanalysen aufgegriffen. Erstens wird die empirische Basis zur funktionalen Unterscheidung motorischer und nichtmotorischer Gedächtnisressourcen auf der Grundlage von Experimenten der Zweitaufgabenmethode in Frage gestellt. Zweitens wird der Beitrag automatischer und kontrollierter Gedächtnisprozesse zum Tu-Effekt im Rahmen des Prozeß-Dissoziations-Paradigmas mit Hilfe eines multinomialen Modells analysiert. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung der Handlungsausführung für das Erinnern von Reihenfolgeinformation vor dem Hintergrund neuerer Ansätze zum seriellen Gedächtnis diskutiert.
Abstract. Based on the integration of the memory advantage for subject-performed actions into the multimodal theory of episodic memory by J. Engelkamp (1997), three issues referring to the so-called enactment effect are discussed and addressed by statistical reanalyses. Firstly, the empirical basis of the functional distinction between motor and non-motor memory resources by means of dual-task experiments is questioned. Secondly, a multinomial modeling analysis is presented which aims at the contributions of automatic and controlled memory processes to the enactment effect in the process-dissociation paradigm. Finally, the effect of enactment on memory for serial order information is discussed with respect to recent accounts of serial memory.
Literatur
(1980). Theorie und Planung psychologischer Experimente.. Darmstadt: Steinkopff. .
(1996). Teststärkeanalysen.. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld, T. Meiser & G. Rudinger (Hrsg.), Handbuch Quantitative Methoden (S. 123-136). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. .
(1995). Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 137– 160
(1997). The nature of memory processes underlying recognition judgments in the process dissociation procedure.. Memory & Cognition, 25, 508– 517
(1995). A solvable connectionist model of immediate recall of ordered lists.. In G. Tesauro, D. Touretzky & T. K. Leen (Eds.), Neural information processing, Vol. 7 (pp. 51-58). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. .
(1992). Toward a network model of the articulatory loop.. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 429– 460
(1996). A connectionist model of STM for serial order.. In S. E. Gathercole (Ed.), Models of shortterm memory(pp. 51-72). Hove, UK: Psychology Press. .
(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. .
(1998). Automatische und kontrollierte Prozesse beim Erinnern von Handlungen: Methodische und theoretische Probleme.. Lengerich: Pabst. .
(1997). Process dissociation procedure: Double dissociations following divided attention and speeded responding.. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50A, 318– 336
(1988). Discovering functionally independent mental processes: The principle of reversed association.. Psychological Review, 95, 91– 101
(1992). Über das Gedächtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie.. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. (Original erschienen 1885) .
(1980). Levels of processing and organization: Additive effects of individual-item and relational processing.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 588– 598
(1994). Episodisches Gedächtnis: Von Speichern zu Prozessen und Informationen.. Psychologische Rundschau, 45, 195– 210
(1997). Das Erinnern eigener Handlungen.. Göttingen: Hogrefe. .
(1997). Strategy and consciousness in remembering subject-performed actions.. Sprache & Kognition, 16, 94– 109
(1986). Differential effects of imaginal and motor encoding on the recall of action phrases.. Archiv für Psychologie, 138, 261– 272
(1994). The human memory. A multi-modal approach.. Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber. .
(1995). Process dissociation measurement models: Good versus better.. Berichte aus dem Psychologischen Institut der Universität Bonn, 21(3),
(1992). GPOWER: A priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analyses for MS-DOS [Computer-Program].. Universität Bonn: Psychologisches Institut. .
(1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience.. Memory & Cognition, 16, 309– 313
(1989). Time course of item and associative information: Implications for gobal memory models.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 846– 858
(1997). The process-dissociation procedure and similarity: Defining and estimating recollection and familiarity in recognition memory.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 259– 278
(1996). Unchained memory: Error patterns rule out chaining models of immediate serial recall.. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 80– 115
(1993). Statistical inference program for multinomial binary tree models [Computer- Program].. Irvine, CA: University of California at Irvine. .
(1994). The statistical analysis of general processing tree models with the EM algorithm.. Psychometrika, 59, 21– 47
(1981). Relational and item-specific information in memory.. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 497– 514
(1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory.. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513– 541
(1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306– 340
(1996). The object-oriented episodic record model.. In S. E. Gathercole (Ed.), Models of shortterm memory (pp. 209-237). Hove, UK: Psychology Press. .
(1995a). Das Erinnern eigener Handlungen im Alter.. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 203, 335– 349
(1995b). Memory for action events: Structure and development in adulthood.. In F. E. Weinert & W. Schneider (Eds.), Memory performance and competencies (pp. 127-138). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. .
(1997). Order and position in primary memory for letter strings.. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 395– 418
(1981). Item and order information in short-term memory: Evidence for multilevel perturbation processes.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 149– 169
(1989). Memory for serial order.. Psychological Review, 96, 25– 57
(1991). Visuo-spatial working memory: Visual, spatial or central executive?. In R. H. Logie & M. Denis (Eds.), Mental images in human cognition (pp. 105-115). Amsterdam: North-Holland. .
(1997). Measuring the bases of recognition memory: An investigation of the process-dissociation framework.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 280– 304
(1995). Developing TODAM: Three models for serial-order information.. Memory & Cognition, 23, 631– 645
(1992). The loss of positional certainty in long-term memory.. Psychological Science, 3, 199– 202
(1996). The effect of enactment on memory for order.. Psychological Research, 59, 75– 79
(1996). Indications of the functional distinction between the components of visual working memory.. Psychologische Beiträge, 38, 355– 367
(1981). Does motoric imagery facilitate memory for sentences? A selectiveinterference test.. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 322– 332
(1979). Case study approach in neuropsychological research.. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 183– 211
(1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. .
(1994). Automatische und kontrollierte Prozesse beim Wiedererkennen von gelesenen und ausgeführten Handlungsphrasen.. Unveröffentlichte Diplomarbeit, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. .
(1993). Double dissociation of spatial and object visual memory: Evidence from selective interference in intact human subjects.. Neuropsychologia, 31, 211– 219
(1996). Prozeß-Dissoziations-Prozedur: Prüfbare Meßmodelle zur Erfassung von kontrollierten, automatischen und Antworttendenz-Prozessen.. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 43, 483– 519
(1965). Short-term memory for phonemically similar lists.. American Journal of Psychology, 78, 567– 574
(1994). Dissociations of processes in recognition memory: Effects of interference and of response speed.. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 516– 535
(1996). Noncriterial recollection: Familiarity as automatic, irrelevant recognition.. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 131– 141
(1985). An attempt to distinguish between kinematic and motor memory components.. Acta Psychologica, 58, 81– 106
(1984). Motorische Gedächtniskomponenten als partiell unabhängige Komponenten des Engramms verbaler Handlungsbeschreibungen.. Sprache & Kognition, 3, 70– 85
