Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Originalia

Essstörungen und Leistungssport

Essstörungsspezifische Merkmale bei Sportlerinnen ästhetischer Sportarten

Published Online:March 02, 2015https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010.16.4.131

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Aufgrund der starken Schlankheitsorientierung in ästhetischen Sportarten und kontroverser Befunde zur Rolle von Leistungssport für die Genese von Essstörungen gingen wir in vorliegender Untersuchung der Frage nach essstörungsspezifischer Psychopathologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Körperbildes bei Sportlerinnen verschiedener ästhetischer Sportarten nach. 65 Leistungssportlerinnen aus der Rhythmischen Sportgymnastik (RSG) und dem Eiskunstlauf (EKL) wurden im Vergleich zu Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) und einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe (KG) untersucht. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen keine Unterschiede zwischen den RSG und der KG, hingegen deutliche Unterschiede zu den AN-Patientinnen. RSG und EKL unterschieden sich lediglich in der Einschätzung des Oberschenkelumfangs, wobei letztere sich stärker überschätzten. Für die EKL fanden wir Ähnlichkeiten zu den AN-Patientinnen in der Überschätzung des Umfangs ihres eigenen Oberschenkels, Perfektionismus und Misstrauen gegenüber anderen. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen auf leichte Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Sportarten hin und betonen somit die Notwendigkeit einer differenzierten Betrachtung unterschiedlicher ästhetischer Sportarten in Bezug auf die Diskussion um körperbetonte Sportarten und Essstörungen/essstörungsrelevante Psychopathologie.


Eating disorders and elite competitive sport: Eating-disorder-related characteristics in aesthetic athletes

Abstract. Due to a strong emphasis on leanness in aesthetic sports and controversial findings regarding the role of elite competitive sports in the development of eating disorders, we aimed to investigate eating-disorder-related psychopathology, particularly body image distortion, in a sample of 65 competitive athletes participating in rhythmic gymnastics (RG) and figure skating (FS). The athletes were compared to patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and a healthy control group (CG). Our results show no differences between the RG and the CG groups, but significant differences between the RG and group AN patients. The RG and FS athletes differed regarding the estimation of the circumference of their upper thigh, with FS athletes overestimating more. The FS and AN groups had similar scores regarding thigh estimation, perfectionism, and interpersonal distrust. Our results suggest possible differences between different aesthetic sports. Therefore, a differentiated consideration of these sports and their role in the development of eating disorders is necessary.

Literatur

  • Anderson, S. L. , Zager, K. , Hetzler, R. K. , Nahikian-Nelms, M. & Syler, G. (1996). Comparison of Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) scores of male bodybuilders to the male college student subgroup. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6(3), 255– 262. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ashley, C. D. , Smith, J. F. , Robinson, J. B. & Richardson, M. T. (1996). Disordered eating in female collegiate athletes and collegiate females in an advanced program of study: a preliminary investigation. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, 391– 401. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bortz, J. & Döring, N. (2002). Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation für Human- und Sozialwissenschaftler (3., überarb. Aufl.). Berlin: Springer. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bowers, W. A. & Ansher, L. S. (2008). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on changing eating disorder symptoms and psychopathology of 32 anorexia nervosa patients at hospital discharge and one year follow-up. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 20, 79– 86. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Byrne, S. & McLean, N. (2001). Eating disorders in athletes: A review of the literature. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4, 145– 159. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft, (Hrsg.). (2004). Ess-Störungen im Leistungssport. Nördlingen: Steinmeier. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Capdevila, L. , Ninerola, J. & Toro, J. (2005). Body mass index in Spanish Olympic athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100, 99– 100. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cotrufo, P. , Cella, S. , Cremato, F. & Labella, A. G. (2007). Eating disorder attitude and abnormal eating behaviours in a sample of 11–13-year-old school children: the role of pubertal body transformation. Eating and Weight Disorders, 12, 154– 160. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ehrlich, S. , Burghardt, R. , Schneider, N. , Hein, J. , Weiss, D. , Pfeiffer, E. , Lehmkuhl, U. & Salbach-Andrae, H. (2008). Leptin and its associations with measures of psychopathology in patients with anorexia nervosa. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116, 109–115 . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fichter, M. & Quadflieg, N. (1999). Strukturiertes Inventar für Anorektische und Bulimische Essstörungen. Handanweisung. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Forsberg, A. L. (2006). Gliding on thin ice: Body image and female competitive figure skaters. Unpublished manuscript, Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology . First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ginsberg, R. L. & Gray, J. J. (2006). The differential depiction of female athletes in judged and non-judged sport magazines. Body Image, 3, 365– 373. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jonnalagadda, S. S. , Ziegler, P. J. & Nelson, J. A. (2004). Food preferences, dieting behaviors, and body image perceptions of elite figure skaters. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14, 594– 606. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Klentrou, P. & Plyley, M. (2003). Onset of puberty, menstrual frequency, and body fat in elite Rhythmic Gymnasts compared with normal controls. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37, 490– 494. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Klinkowski, N. , Korte, A. , Pfeiffer, E. , Lehmkuhl, U. & Salbach-Andrae, H. (2008). Psychopathology in elite rhythmic gymnasts and anorexia nervosa patients. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 108– 113. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Krane, V. , Stiles-Shipley, J. A. , Waldron, J. & Michalenok, J. (2001). Relationship among body satisfaction, social physique anxiety, and eating behaviors in female athletes and exercisers. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 247– 265. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • O’Connor, P. J. , Lewis, R. D. , Kirchner, E. M. & Cook, D. B. (1996). Eating disorder symptoms in former female college gymnasts: relations with body composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 64, 840– 843. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Paul, T. & Thiel, A. (2004). Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Deutsche Version. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pugliese, M. Z. , Lifshitz, F. , Grad, G. , Fort, P. & Marks-Katz, M. (1983). Fear of obesity. A cause of short stature and delayed puberty. New England Journal of Medicine, 309 , 513– 518. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rathner, G. & Waldherr, K. (1997). Eating Disorder Inventory-2: Eine deutschsprachige Validierung mit Normen für weibliche und männliche Jugendliche. Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 45, 157– 182. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ryujin, D. H. , Breaux, C. & Marks, A. D. (1999). Symptoms of eating disorders among female distance runners: can the inconsistencies be unrevealed? Women Health, 30(1), 71– 83. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Salbach, H. , Klinkowski, N. , Pfeiffer, E. , Lehmkuhl, U. & Korte, A. (2007). Body image and attidudinal aspects of eating disorders in rhythmic gymnasts. Psychopathology, 40, 388– 393. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Smith, A. R. & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Examining body image discrepancies and perceived weight status in adult Japanese women. Eating Behaviors, 9 , 513– 515. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Smolak, L. , Murnen, S. K. & Ruble, A. E. (2000). Female athletes and eating problems: A meta-analyses. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27 , 371– 380. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1993). Nutrient intake of female elite athletes suffering from eating disorders. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 3, 431– 442. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sundgot-Borgen, J. (1996). Eating disorders, energy intake, training volume, and menstrual function in high-level modern rhythmic gymnasts. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, 100– 109. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sundgot-Borgen, J. & Torstveit, M.K. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(1), 25– 32. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Taylor, G. & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2001). Eating disorders in Canadian female pair and dance figure skaters. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32(1), 21– 28. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thompson, M.A. & Gray, J.J. (1995). Development and Validation of a New Body-Image Assessment Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 258– 269. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thompson, M. A. & Sherman, R. T. (1999). G ood athletes’ traits and characteristics of anorexia nervosa: Are they similar? Eating Disorders, 7, 181– 190. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Torstveit, M. K. , Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2005). The female athlete triad exists in both elite athletes and controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 1449– 1459. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wertheim, E. H. , Paxton, S. J. & Tilgner, L. (2004). Test-retest reliability and construct validity of Contour Drawing Rating Scale scores in a sample of early adolescent girls. Body Image, 1, 199– 205. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ziegler, P. J. , Khoo, C. S. , Sherr, B. , Nelson, J. A. , Larson, W. M. & Drewnowski, A. (1998). Body image and dieting behaviors among elite figure skaters. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 24, 421– 427. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ziegler, P. J. , Kannan, S. , Jonnalagadda, S. S. , Krishnakumar, A. , Taksali, S. E. & Nelson, J. A. (2005). Dietary intake, body image perceptions, and weight concerns of female US international synchronized figure skating teams. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 5, 550– 566. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zucker, N. L. , Womble, L. G. , Williamson, D. A. & Perrin, L. A. (1999). Protective factors for eating disorders in female college athletes. Eating Disorders, 7, 207– 218. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar