Skip to main content
Special Section: Political Conflict and Social Change

Theories of Socio-Political Change and the Dynamics of Sub-Group Versus Superordinate Interests

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000159

Social change is a core topic within political and social psychology. In light of recent world-wide protest movements directed at social change it is timely to reflect on where current theory and research on socio-political change stands, what the unresolved issues are, and what the necessary next steps. In this paper, three dominant theoretical models are critically evaluated – social identity theory, social dominance theory, and system justification theory – and points of similarity and divergence are highlighted. In addition, it is argued that inclusion of different levels of self-categorization and associated self-interest in the theories has the potential to provide a more “integrated” account of the psychological processes that underpin both system stability and system change.

References

  • Batalha, L., Reynolds, K. J., Newbigin, C. (2011). All else being equal: Do men have higher SDO than women? European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 796–806. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 745–778. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Drury, J., Reicher, S. (1999). The intergroup dynamics of collective empowerment: Substantiating the social identity model of crowd behavior. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2, 381–402. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Drury, J., Reicher, S. (2005). Explaining Enduring Empowerment: A Comparative Study of Collective Action and Psychological Outcomes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 35–58. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ellemers, N. (1993). The influence of socio-structural variables on identity management strategies. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 27–57. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ellemers, N., Wilke, H., van Knippenberg, A. D. (1993). Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective status-enhancement strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 766–778. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Federico, C. M. (1999). The interactive effects of social dominance orientation, group status, and perceived stability on favoritism for high-status groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2, 119–143. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Haines, E. L., Jost, J. T. (2000). Placating the powerless: Effects of legitimate and illegitimate explanation on affect, memory, and stereotyping. Social Justice Research, 13, 219–236. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Haslam, S., Eggins, R. A., Reynolds, K. J. (2003). The ASPIRe model: Actualizing Social and Personal Identity Resources to enhance organizational outcomes. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 76, 83–113. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jackson, L. A., Sullivan, L. A., Harnish, R., Hodge, C. N. (1996). Achieving positive social identity, social creativity, and permeability of group boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 241–254. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T. (2001). Outgroup favoritism and the theory of system justification: An experimental paradigm for investigating the effects of socio-economic success on stereotype content. In G. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 89–102). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T. (2011). System justification theory as a compliment, complement, and corrective to theories of social identification and social dominance. In D. Dunning (Ed.), Social Motivation (pp. 223–263). New York, NY: Psychology Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881–919. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T., Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293–305. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T., Major, B. (Eds.). (2001). The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., Sullivan, B. N. (2003). Social inequality and the reduction of ideological dissonance on behalf of the system: Evidence of enhanced system justification among the disadvantaged. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 13–36. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in the just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Liu, J. H., Huang, L., McFredies, C. (2008). Cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in social dominance orientation and right wing authoritarianism as a function of political power and societal change. Asian Journal of social Psychology, 11, 116–126. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mummendey, A., Schrieber, H. J. (1984). “Different” just means “better”: Some obvious and hidden pathways to ingroup favoritism. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 363–367. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mussweiler, T., Strack, F. (2000). The “relative self”: Information and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 23–38. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rabinowitz, J. L. (1999). Go with the flow or fight the power? The interactive effects of social dominance orientation and perceived injustice on support for the status quo. Political Psychology, 20, 1–24. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Reicher, S. (2004). The context of social identity: Domination, resistance, and change. Political Psychology, 25, 921–945. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Reicher, S., Haslam, S. A. (2006). On the agency of individuals and groups: Lessons from the BBC Prison Study. In T. Postmes, J. Jetten (Eds.), Individuality and the group: Advances in social identity (pp. 237–257). London, UK: Sage. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Reynolds, K. J., Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C. (2012). Social identity, prejudice and social change: Beyond the Allportian problematic. In J. Dixon, M. Levin (Eds.), Beyond prejudice: Extending the social psychology of conflict, inequality and social change (pp. 48–69). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rubin, M., Hewstone, M. (2004). Commentary on Reicher, Jost et al., and Sidanius et al., Political Psychology, 25, 823–844. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Kappen, D. M. (2003). Attitudes toward group-based inequality: Social dominance or social identity? British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 161–186. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sidanius, J., Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Simon, B., Loewy, M., Sturmer, S., Weber, U., Freytag, P., Habig, C., … Spahlinger, P. (1998). Collective identification and social movement participation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 74, 646–658. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Simon, B., Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. American Psychologist, 56, 319–331. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Simon, B., Ruhs, D. (2008). Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany: The role of dual identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1354–1366. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smith, H. J., Spears, R., Oyen, M. (1994). “People like us”: The influence of personal deprivation and group membership salience on justice evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 277–299. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Smith, H. J., Spears, R. (1996). Ability and outcome evaluations as a function of personal and collective (dis)advantage: A group escape from individual bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 690–704. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Spears, R., Jetten, J., Doosje, B. (2001). The (il)legitimacy of ingroup bias: From social reality to social resistance. In J. T. Jost, B. Major (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 332–362). New York: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Subasic, E., Reynolds, K. J., Turner, J. C. (2008). The Political Solidarity Model of Social Change: Dynamics of Self-Categorization in Intergroup Power Relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 330–352. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Subasic, E., Reynolds, K. J. (2011). Power consolidation in leadership change contexts: A social identity perspective. In P. ‘t Hart, J. Uhr (Eds.), How Power Changes Hands: Transition and Succession in Government (pp. 174–190). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Subasic, E., Reynolds, K. J., Klandermans, B., Reicher, S. D. (2012). Where to from here for the psychology of social change? Future directions for theory and practice. Political Psychology, 33, 61–74. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London, UK: Academic Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behaviour. Social Science Information/sur les sciences sociales, 13, 65–93. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149–178. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks Cole. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Taylor, D. M., Moghaddam, F. M., Gamble, I., Zellerer, E. (1987). Disadvantaged group responses to perceived inequality: From passive acceptance to collective action. Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 259–272. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C. (1975). Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5–34. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C. (1984). Social identification and psychological group formation. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), The social dimension: European developments in social psychology, Vol. 2, (pp. 518–538). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In E. J. Lawler (Ed.), Advances in group processes, Vol. 2, (pp. 77–122). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, M. S. Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory (pp. 19–41). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C., Brown, R. J. (1978). Social status, cognitive alternatives and intergroup relations. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 201–234). London, UK: Academic Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P., Reicher, S. D., Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., McGarty, C. (1994). Self and Collective: Cognition and Social Context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454–463. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, J. C., Reynolds, K. J. (2003). Why social dominance theory has been falsified. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 199–206. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • van Knippenberg, A., van Oers, H. (1984). Social identity and equity concerns in intergroup perceptions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 351–361. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Verkuyten, M., Martinovic, B. (2012). Social identity complexity and immigrants’ attitude towards the host nation: The intersection of ethnic and religious group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1165–1177. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wright, S. C. (1999). Strategic Collective Action: Social psychology and social change. In R. Brown, S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup Processes. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M., Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 994–1003. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar