Disintegration as an Additional Trait in the Psychobiological Model of Personality
Assessing Discriminant Validity via Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Abstract. This meta-analytic study investigates the relations between Disintegration-like phenomena (i.e., various aspects of symptomatology with the prefix “schizo-,” both at the clinical and the subclinical level) and the traits of the Psychobiological Model of Personality (PBMP). The empirically based benchmark for assuming the distinctness of the trait Disintegration was .30. The sample included 26 manuscripts with 30 studies and 424 effect sizes. By computing inverse sampling variance weighted mean correlation coefficients under a random-effects assumption, the following associations were found between Disintegration and Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-Transcendence: .23, .04, −.15, −.02, −.23, −.16, and .17, respectively. Two variables were found to moderate the Disintegration-Self-Transcendence correlation. Despite the theoretical expectation and some empirical evidence that Self-Transcendence (and other character traits) should capture variations in Disintegration-like phenomena, our results suggest that schizo-type phenomena are not adequately covered by the PBMP.
References References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.
*2012). Temperament and character personality profile in relation to suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 1130–1136. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.04.007
(*2013). Personality traits of schizophrenic patients in remission and their first-degree relatives: A dopaminergic and glutamatergic gene polymorphism study. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 138–148. doi: 10.5455/bcp.20130308015536
(2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 150–166. doi: 10.1177/1088868306294907
(2012). Oddity, schizotypy/dissociation, and personality. Journal of Personality, 80, 113–134. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00735.x
(2012). The maladaptive personality traits of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in relation to the HEXACO personality factors and schizotypy/dissociation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 641–659. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2012.26.5.641
(*2011). Temperament, character, and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52, 425–430. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.08.007
(*2005). Dimensional personality traits and the prediction of DSM-IV personality disorder symptom counts in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 53–67. doi: 10.1521/pedi.19.1.53.62180
(*1997). Personality, temperament, and character dimensions and the DSM-IV personality disorders in substance abusers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 545–553. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.545
(2003). Neurocognitive, behavioural and neurodevelopmental correlates of schizotypy clusters in adolescents from the general population. Schizophrenia Research, 61, 293–302. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00321-3
(*1996). Dimensional assessment of personality in an out-patient sample: Relations of the systems of Millon and Cloninger. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30, 341–352. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(96)00024-6
(*1998). Personality disorders and relationship to personality dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 243–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10075.x
(*2007). Temperament and character dimensions of the relatives of schizophrenia patients and controls: The relationship between schizotypal features and personality. European Psychiatry, 22, 27–31. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.07.002
(2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
(2012). Vaginismus: Heightened harm avoidance and pain catastrophizing cognitions. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 9, 558–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02535.x
(1997).
(Creativity and schizotypy . In G. ClaridgeEd., Schizotypy: Implications for illness and health (pp. 274–298). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2011). Applied meta-analysis for the social sciences. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
(1999). Personality disorder and the Temperament and Character Inventory in the elderly. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 302–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10865.x
(2000). Biology of personality dimensions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 13, 611–616. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200011000-00024
(1991). The tridimensional personality questionnaire: US normative data. Psychological Reports, 69, 1047–1057. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.1047
(1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–990. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
(2009). Psychopathology and personality traits in psychotic patients and their first-degree relatives. European Psychiatry, 24, 476–482. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.06.002
(1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653–665. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I
(2005). The contribution of temperament and character to schizotypy multidimensionality. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 50–55. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.010
(2013). General and maladaptive traits in a five-factor framework for DSM-5 in a university student sample. Assessment, 20, 295–307. doi: 10.1177/1073191113475808
(2000). Cloninger’s psychobiological model of temperament and character and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 441–452. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4
(1998). Temperament, character, and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 362–372. doi: 10.1521/pedi.1998.12.4.362
(2016). Ten aspects of the Big Five in the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 113–123. doi: 10.1037/per0000170
(2012). From madness to genius: The Openness/Intellect trait domain as a paradoxical simplex. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 63–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.003
(2015). Maladaptive personality constructs, measures, and work behaviors. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7, 98–110. doi: 10.1111/iops.12115
(1995). Genius: The natural history of creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. New York, NY: Crane & Russak.
(2007). Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised in an outpatient sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 380–387. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.02.003
(2013). Cognitive and personality analysis of startle reactivity in a large cohort of healthy males. Biological Psychology, 94, 582–591. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.005
(2013). Sub-optimal parenting is associated with schizotypic and anxiety personality traits in adulthood. European Psychiatry, 28, 254–260. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.07.002
(2005). Healthy schizotypy in a population of paranormal believers and experients. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1069–1073. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.07.006
(2002). The dimensional symptom structure of schizophrenia and its association with temperament and character. Schizophrenia Research, 56, 137–147. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00257-2
(2008). What do all personality disorders have in common? Ineffectiveness and uncooperativeness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 570–578. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.04.007
(2007). Relationship between personality disorder symptoms and temperament in the young male general population of South Korea. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 59–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01611.x
(2006). Evidence for instrument and family-specific variation of subclinical psychosis dimensions in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 5–14. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.5
(1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
(2008). Personality in schizophrenia assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Psychiatry Research, 160, 175–183. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.015
(2012). Relationships between season of birth, schizotypy, temperament, character and neurocognition in a non-clinical population. Psychiatry Research, 195, 69–75. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.028
(1997).
(Benign schizotypy? The case of spiritual experience . In G. S. ClaridgeEd., Schizotypy: Relations to illness and health (pp. 227–250). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.2009). Neurological soft signs in psychometrically identified schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research, 115, 293–302. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.018
(2003). Personality disorders and personality dimensions in anorexia nervosa. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 73–85. doi: 10.1521/pedi.17.1.73.24057
(2006). Schizotypy facets, cognitive control, and emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 418–427. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.418
(2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Statistics in Medicine, 22, 2693–2710. doi: 10.1002/sim.1482
(2003). Koreni amoralnosti,
([Roots of amorality] Belgrade, Serbia: Društvo psihologa Srbije.2016). Psychosis-proneness and Big Five traits: Meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 214–222. doi: 10.1037/per0000170
(2016). A reconceptualization of psychosis proneness as a personality trait named disintegration: Cross-Validation and relations with the five-factor model. Manuscript submitted for publication.
(1998). Social anhedonia as a predictor of the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 558–565. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.558
(2005). Low self-directedness (TCI), mood, schizotypy and hypnotic susceptibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 469–480. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.025
(2013). Temperament and character in patients with schizophrenia with a history of restraint. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 24, 621–633. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2013.830317
(2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139–157. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.139
(2007). Elevated social Internet use and schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents. Schizophrenia Research, 94, 50–57. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.009
(2005). Higher-order dimensions of the Big Five personality traits and the Big Six vocational interest types. Personnel Psychology, 58, 447–478. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00468.x
(1999). The relationship among three models of personality psychopathology: DSM-III-R personality disorder, TCI scores and DSQ defences. Psychological Medicine, 29, 943–951. doi: 10.1017/S0033291799008533
(1992). Validation of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in a sample of male drug users. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 401–409. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(92)90067-Y
(2014). The relationship between temperament and character and subclinical psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults. European Psychiatry, 29, 352–357. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.11.006
(2012). Personality traits and schizophrenia: Evidence from a case-control study and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 198, 7–11. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.018
(2010). The influence of temperament on symptoms and functional outcome in people with psychosis in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. European Psychiatry, 25, 26–32. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.09.006
(2009).
(Analyzing effect sizes: Random effects models . In H. CooperL. V. HedgesJ. C. ValentineEds., The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 295–315). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.2004). Temperament types are associated with weak self-construct, elevated distress and emotion-oriented coping in schizophrenia: Evidence for a complex vulnerability marker? Psychiatry Research, 128, 219–228. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.06.007
(2011). Subclinical psychosis symptoms in young adults are risk factors for subsequent common mental disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 131, 18–23. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.019
(2008). A general factor of personality from two meta-analyses of the Big Five: Digman (1997) and Mount, Barrick, Scullen, and Rounds (2005). Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 679–683. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.015
(2008). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326–1342. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.002
(2006). The relationship between fantasy proneness and schizotypy in adolescents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 194, 411–414.
(2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055–1085. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2002.09.001
(2014). Can creative productivity be both positively and negatively correlated with psychopathology? Yes!. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 455. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00455
(2008). Temperament and character as schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in non-psychotic siblings. Schizophrenia Research, 104, 198–205. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.06.025
(2010). Militant extremist mind-set: Proviolence, vile world, and divine power. Psychological Assessment, 22, 70–86. doi: 10.1037/a0016925
(2004). Early adolescent cannabis exposure and positive and negative dimensions of psychosis. Addiction, 99, 1333–1341. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00806.x
(2015). DSM-5 alternative personality disorder model traits as maladaptive extreme variants of the five-factor model: An item-response theory analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 343–354. doi: 10.1037/abn0000035
(1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 991–999. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240075009
(2002). Temperament, character, and personality disorders: Etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 189–195. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.02196.x
(2010). The general factor of personality: A meta-analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion-related validity study. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 315–327. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.003
(2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36, 1–48.
(2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality, 76, 1545–1585. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00531.x
(1989). Personality in the third dimension: A psychobiological approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 391–418. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90004-4
(