Schlafstörungen bei kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Erkrankungen
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Schlafstörungen als Symptom zahlreicher kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Störungsbilder komplizieren häufig den Verlauf und die Behandlung der Grunderkrankung. Organische Störungen wie die Narkolepsie oder das Kleine-Levin-Syndrom können zu differentialdiagnostischen Schwierigkeiten und Fehleinschätzungen führen. Unklar ist, ob spezifische Veränderungen der Schlafarchitektur bereits im Kindes- und Jugendalter bestehen und damit als biologischer Trait-Marker für psychiatrische Erkrankungen zu verstehen sind. Während für das Erwachsenenalter die Bedeutung von Schlafstörungen vor allem für die Entwicklung späterer depressiver Störungen belegt werden konnte, ist derzeit offen, ob es sich bei persistierenden Schlafstörungen im Kindesalter um Vulnerabilitätsmarker für psychiatrische Erkrankungen handelt. In der vorliegenden Literaturübersicht sollen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Schlafstörung und psychischer Störung aufgezeigt und die Bedeutung der Berücksichtigung von Schlafstörungen für Diagnostik und Therapie kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischer Störungsbilder unterstrichen werden.
Summary: As a symptom of many psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence, sleep disturbances often complicate the course and treatment of the underlying disorder. A somatic aetiology, e.g. as in Kleine-Levin syndrome or narcolepsy, may lead to diagnostic misinterpretations. It is not clear whether specific alterations of sleep architecture already exist in this age group and are thus trait markers for psychiatric disorders. Although it is well-known that sleep problems in adults, especially insomnia, are important in the later development of depressive syndromes, it is not clear whether persistent sleep problems during childhood constitute markers of vulnerability for psychiatric disorders. This review demonstrates interactions between sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence and their importance for assessment and therapy.
Literaturangaben
Estimating sleep patterns with activity monitoring in children and adolescents: how many nights are necessary for reliable measures?. Sleep, 22, 95– 103 (1999).
Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile.. UAP, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, (1991).
Placebo-controlled evaluation of Ritalin side effects.. Pediatrics, 91, 1101– 1106 (1993).
Sleep disordered breathing: effects of adenotonsillectomy on behaviour and psychological functioning.. European Journal of Pediatrics, 155, 56– 62 (1996).
Sleep disorders in Tourette syndrome: a primary or unrelated problem?. Pediatric Neurology, 8, 275– 280 (1992).
Pediatric sleep disorders: a review of the past 10 years [see comments].. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 9– 20 (1997).
Sleep and psychiatric symptoms in school-age children.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 502– 508 (2000).
The sleep of non-depressed patients with panic disorder: a comparison with normal controls.. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 191– 194 (1996).
Sleep disruption in young children. The influence of temperament on the sleep patterns of pre-school children.. Child: care, health and development, 21, 233– 246 (1995).
Sleep patterns among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a reexamination of parent perceptions.. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 389– 398 (1997).
A review of herbal medicines for psychiatric disorders.. Psychiatric Services, 51, 1130– 1134 (2000).
Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 651– 668 (1992).
Lithium carbonate: effects on sleep patterns of normal and depressed subjects and its use in sleep-wake pathology.. Pharmacopsychiatry, 20, 195– 196 (1987).
Psychological disturbance and child sexual abuse: a follow-up study.. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 901– 913 (1998).
Narcolepsy in children.. Sleep, 17, 17– 20 (1994).
Sleep onset REM periods during multiple sleep latency tests in patients evaluated for sleep apnea.. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161, 426– 431 (2000).
Self-reported health and behavioral problems among adolescent victims of rape in France: results of a cross-sectional survey.. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 823– 832 (1997).
Decreased sleep quality and increased sleep related movements in patients with Tourette's syndrome.. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 192– 197 (2001).
A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. VI. Early development, sleep problems, allergies, and handedness.. American Journal of Human Genetics, 41, 822– 838 (1987).
Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1285– 1293 (1999).
Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 637– 646 (1998).
Actigraphy and parental ratings of sleep in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).. Sleep, 24, 303– 312 (2001).
Sleep in behavioral and emotional disorders.. In: Ferber, R.; Kryger, M. (Hrsg.): Principles and Practise of Sleep Medicine in the Child, 147-153. WB Saunders, Philadelphia (1995).
The impact of inadequate sleep on children's daytime cognitive function.. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 3, 44– 50 (1996).
Electroencephalographic sleep measures in prepubertal depression.. Psychiatry Research, 38, 201– 214 (1991).
Sleep onset abnormalities in depressed adolescents.. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 400– 410 (1996).
Cholinergic REM induction test with arecoline in depressed children.. Psychiatry Research, 51, 269– 282 (1994).
Age at onset of narcolepsy in two large populations of patients in France and Quebec.. Neurology, 57, 2029– 2033 (2001).
Parent reports of sleep disturbances in stimulant-medicated children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 701– 716 (1998).
Sleep polygraphic variables in anorexia nervosa and depression: a comparative study in adolescents.. ournal of Affective Disorders, 25, 167– 172 (1992).
Sleep abnormalities in mentally retarded autistic subjects: Down's syndrome with mental retardation and normal subjects.. Brain and Development, 21, 548– 553 (1999).
Cassette EEG sleep recordings in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.. Clinical Electroencephalography, 23, 142– 146 (1992).
Prodromes and precursors: epidemiologic data for primary prevention of disorders with slow onset.. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 967– 972 (1995).
Prevalence and characteristics of sexual abuse in a national sample of Swedish seventeen-year-old boys and girls. Acta Paediatrica, 89, 310– 319 (2000).
Sleep polysomnography as a predictor of recurrence in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4, 159– 168 (2001).
Children with major depression show reduced rapid eye movement latencies.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 119– 124 (1990).
Sleep EEG features of adolescents with major depression.. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 573– 581 (1994).
Sleep in a community sample of elderly war veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder.. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 520– 525, (2000).
Melatonin: gibt es eine Rationale für den klinischen Einsatz dieses Hormons in der Schlaftherapie?. Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualitätssicherung, 95, 39– 43 (2001).
Solve your Child's Sleep Problems.. Simon & Schuster, New York (1985).
Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?. JAMA, 262, 1479– 1484 (1989).
An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries.. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 436– 447 (2000).
Diagnostik und Differentialdiagnostik von Schlafstörungen im Kindesalter.. Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 66, 553– 569 (1998).
Sleep electroencephalographic coherence abnormalities in individuals at high risk for depression: a pilot study.. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 618– 625 (2000).
The relationship of sleep disturbances to childhood panic disorder.. In: Shaefer, C.E. (Hrsg.): Clinical Handbook of Sleep disorders in Children, 285-310. Jason Aronson, Northvale NJ, (1995).
Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families of probands with unipolar depression.. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 192– 199 (1998).
Increased nocturnal activity and impaired sleep maintenance in abused children.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1236– 1243 (1997).
Premorbid polysomnographic signs in depressed adolescents: a reanalysis of EEG sleep after longitudinal follow-up in adulthood.. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 930– 942 (2001).
The treatment of Kleine-Levin syndrome with lithium.. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 491– 493 (1983).
Impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on child behavior.. Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 126, 494– 498 2000,
Presenting problems of sexually abused girls receiving psychiatric services.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 314– 317 (1989).
The therapeutics of melatonin: a paediatric perspective.. Brain and Development, 22, 213– 217 (2000).
Sleep of school-aged children: objective and subjective measures.. Sleep Research, 26, 158– (1997).
Instability of sleep patterns in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 495– 501 (2000).
Sleep-disordered breathing in children.. Annals of Medicine, 30, 350– 356 (1998).
Narcolepsy in children: a practical guide to its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.. Paediatric. Drugs, 2, 1– 9 (2000).
Sleep in patients with spontaneous panic attacks.. Sleep, 12, 323– 337– (1989).
Effect of melatonin on sleep-wake rhythm: the sleep diary of an autistic male.. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54, 383– 384 (2000).
Sleep patterns in autistic children.. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 143– 147 (1999).
An investigation on sleep disturbance of autistic children.. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 38, 45– 51 (1984).
Melatonin treatment of sleep-wake cycle disorders in children and adolescents.. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 491– 500 (1999).
Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep- wake cycle disorders. [In Process Citation]. Journal of Pineal Research, 29, 34– 39 2000,
Use of melatonin in the treatment of paediatric sleep disorders.. Journal of Pineal Research, 21, 193– 199 (1996).
Motor, behavioral and pharmacologic findings in Tourette's syndrome.. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 14, 541– 546, (1987).
Technische Qualität ambulanter Polysomnographien bei schlafgesunden Probanden.. Somnologie, 2, Suppl. 1 10– 11 (1998).
Sleep disturbance in preschool-aged hyperactive and nonhyperactive children.. Pediatrics, 80, 839– 844 (1987).
Are child-, adolescent-, and adult-onset depression one and the same disorder?. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 980– 1001 (2001).
Effects of late-afternoon methylphenidate administration on behavior and sleep in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 96, 320– 325 (1995).
Therapeutic sleep deprivation for depression in children.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 928– 931 (1987).
Periodische Schlafsucht.. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, 57, 285– 320 (1925).
High levels of nocturnal activity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a video analysis.. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55, 97– 103 (2001).
Narcolepsy: new understanding of irresistible sleep.. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 76, 185– 194 (2001).
Sleep disorders in children after burn injury.. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, 14, 83– 90 (1993).
Clinical Assessment of Child and Adolescent Sleep Disturbance.. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 359– 368 (1999).
Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence.. Pediatrics, 106, 67– 74 (2000).
Weight gain and the sleeping electroencephalogram: study of 10 patients with anorexia nervosa.. British Medical Journal, 4, 556– 558 (1975).
Treatment of infant sleep disturbances by graduated extinction.. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 13, 39– 56 (1991).
Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD. [In Process Citation]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 803– 812 (2000).
REM and delta sleep in anorexia nervosa and bulimia.. Psychiatry Research, 20, 189– 197 (1987).
Endocrinological and polysomnographic findings in Kleine-Levin syndrome: no evidence for hypothalamic and circadian dysfunction.. Sleep, 21, 278– 284 (1998).
Sleep dysfunction in Rett syndrome: a trial of exogenous melatonin treatment.. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 186– 192 (1998).
Electroencephalographic sleep in panic disorder. A focus on sleep-related panic attacks.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 178– 184 (1989).
Sleep disturbances associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the impact of psychiatric comorbidity and pharmacotherapy.. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 10, 223– 231 (2000).
HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients.. Sleep, 20, 1012– 1020 (1997).
Periodic leg movements are not more prevalent in insomnia or hypersomnia but are especially associated with sleep disorders involving a dopaminergic impairment.. Sleep Medicine, 1, 163– 167 (2000).
Sleep deprivation in depressed adolescents and psychiatric controls.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 753– 759 (1993).
Development of disturbing dreams during adolescence and their relation to anxiety symptoms.. Sleep, 23, 727– 736 (2000).
A quantified analysis of sleep electroencephalography in anorectic adolescents.. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 771– 775 (1999).
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders in adolescents: clinical trials of combined treatments based on chronobiology.. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52, 483– 490 (1998).
Parental and self-report of sleep in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 549– 555 (2000).
Treatment of recurrent nightmares by the dream reorganization approach.. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 219– 226 (1989).
Long-term melatonin treatment in blind children and young adults with circadian sleep-wake disturbances.. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 39, 319– 325 (1997).
An investigation into sleep characteristics of children with autism and Asperger's Disorder.. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 34, 528– 533 (1998).
The assessment and treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in children and adolescents.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 277– 289 (2000).
Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Journal of Child Neurology, 13, 588– 594 (1998).
Moderate to severe periodic limb movement disorder in childhood and adolescence.. Sleep, 22, 297– 300 (1999).
Melatonin improves sleep-wake patterns in psychomotor retarded children. [In Process Citation]. Pediatric Neurology, 23, 225– 228 (2000).
Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal children with major depression: a controlled study.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 932– 939 (1982).
Sleep architecture and REM sleep measures in prepubertal major depressives. Studies during recovery from the depressive episode in a drug-free state.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 187– 192 (1983).
The relationship between longitudinal clinical course and sleep and cortisol changes in adolescent depression.. Biological Psychiatry, 40, 474– 484 (1996).
Autistic regression and disintegrative disorder: how important the role of epilepsy?. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 2, 278– 285 (1995).
A manual of standarized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages in human subjects.. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, (1968).
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents with conduct disorder: sex differences and onset patterns. [In Process Citation]. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 746– 751 (2000).
Unipolare und bipolare Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter.. In: Marneros, A. (Hrsg.): Handbuch der unipolaren und bipolaren Erkrankungen, 519-531. Thieme, Stuttgart (1999).
Schlafstörungen.. In: Berger, M. (Hrsg.): Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 668-694. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München, Wien, Baltimore (1999).
Sleep in adolescents with primary major depression and schizophrenia: a pilot study.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 313– 326 (1995).
Tourette-Syndrom und Schlaf im Kindesalter.. Somnologie, 3, 148– 154 (1999).
The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 854– 861 (1987).
Sleep and psychological characteristics of children on a psychiatric inpatient unit.. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 813– 819 (1995).
Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues.. Sleep, 17, 201– 207 (1994).
Nonorganic insomnia in generalized anxiety disorder. 1. Controlled studies on sleep, awakening and daytime vigilance utilizing polysomnography and EEG mapping.. Neuropsychobiology, 36, 117– 129 (1997).
Sleep features in Tourette's syndrome, neuroacanthocytosis and Huntington's chorea.. Neurophysiologie Clinique, 25, 66– 77 (1995).
Nocturnal and daytime panic attacks - comparison of sleep architecture, heart rate variability, and response to sodium lactate challenge.. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1313– 1320 (1999).
Unravelling sleep problems in treated and untreated children with ADHD.. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 9, 157– 168 (1999).
Sleep in nondepressed patients with panic disorder: II. Polysomnographic assessment of sleep architecture and sleep continuity.. Journal of Affective Disorders, 28, 1– 6 (1993).
Practitioner review: assessment and treatment of sleep disorders in children and adolescents.. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37, 907– 925 (1996).
Recognition and management of narcolepsy.. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 81, 519– 524 (1999).
Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents.. University Press, Cambridge (2001).
Rapid eye movement (REM) activity in normal and autistic children during REM sleep.. Journal of autism and childhood schizophrenia, 6, 275– 288 (1976).
Effects of methylphenidate on sleep in children with attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder. An activity monitor study.. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood, 147, 1313– 1315, (1993).
Periodic limb movements during sleep are a frequent finding in patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.. Journal of Neurology, 244, 521– 526 (1997).
Phytopharmaka als Mittel zur Schlafförderung.. Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Fortbildung und Qualitätssicherung, 95, 33– 34 2001,
Emotional memory formation is enhanced across sleep intervals with high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep.. Learning and Memory, 8, 112– 119 (2001).
Tourette syndrome: associated symptoms and most disabling features.. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 17, 271– 275 (1993).
What happens to depressed men? Application of the Stirling County criteria.. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 5, 1– 6 (1997).
Emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms reported by parents of sexually abused, nonabused, and allegedly abused prepubescent females.. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 155– 163 (1995).
Stressful life events and EEG sleep in depressed and normal control adolescents.. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 859– 865 (1995).