Food Addiction
Nahrungsmittelabhängigkeit oder Ess-Verhaltenssucht?
Abstract
Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Psychiatrie, Neurobiologie, Ernährungswissenschaften, Innerer Medizin, Nahrungsmittelindustrie und Public Health entspinnt sich gegenwärtig eine zunehmend breiter werdende kontroverse wissenschaftliche Debatte darüber, ob einzelne Nahrungsmittelbestandteile ein körperliches Abhängigkeitssyndrom erzeugen können, ähnlich wie beispielsweise Alkohol oder Kokain, oder ob es sich bei Food Addiction primär um eine nicht stoffgebundene Verhaltenssucht handelt. Gemeinsamkeiten sowie Unterschiede stoff- und nicht stoffgebundener Süchte auf klinischer und neurobiologischer Ebene sind beschrieben worden. Bisher wurde davon ausgegangen, dass es sich bei Food Addiction primär um einen Symptomenkomplex handelt, der mit Adipositas und/oder Binge-Eating Störung (BES) assoziiert ist. Mittlerweile sprechen einige Studien jedoch dafür, dass Food Addiction unabhängig vom Gewichtsstatus oder dem Vorhandensein einer Essstörung wie BES auftreten kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag hat zum Ziel, die kontroverse Diskussion zur klinisch-phänomenologischen und neurobiologischen Einordnung von Food Addiction darzulegen.
This article looks at food addiction as a subject situated between psychiatry, neurobiology, nutritional science, internal medicine, food industry, and public health. Essentially, the question is whether or not individual nutritional components can induce physical dependence, similar to the well-known effects of drugs such as alcohol and cocaine, or whether food addiction is rather a behavioral addiction. The literature describes many overlaps as well as differences of substance-based and non-substance-based addiction in both clinical and neurobiological terms. Until recently it was argued that food addiction appears only in the realms of obesity and eating disorders (e.g., binge-eating disorder, BED). Some studies, however, described the prevalence of food addiction symptoms and diagnoses independent of overweight or that they were in subjects who do not fulfill the criteria for BED. This article sums up the controversial discussion about the phenomenological and neurobiological classification of food addiction. Implications of food addiction for children and adolescents as well as public-health-related issues are also discussed.
Literatur
(2013). Food addiction. In D. W. PfaffEd., Neuroscience in the 21st century: From basic to clinical (pp. 2833–2857). New York: Springer-Verlag.
. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., revised, DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: Author.
. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision, DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., DSM-5). Washington, DC: Author.
(2012). Bingeing, withdrawal, and craving: An animal model of sugar and addiction. In K. D. BrownellM. S. GoldEds., Food and addiction: A comprehensive handbook (pp. 206–213). New York: Oxford University Press.
(2008). Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 20–39.
(2009). Sugar and fat bingeing have notable differences in addictive-like behavior. Journal of Nutrition, 139, 623–628.
(2008). The neurobiology and genetics of impulse control disorders: Relationships to drug addictions. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75, 63–75.
(2010). Food addiction: True or false? Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 26, 165–169.
(2000). Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 745–750.
(2011). The role of the central ghrelin system in reward from food and chemical drugs. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 340, 80–87.
(2012). The drive to eat: Comparisons and distinctions between mechanisms of food reward and drug addiction. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 1330–1335.
(2013). Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-10. Bern: Huber.
. (1989). Das Herkunftswörterbuch. Etymologie der deutschen Sprache (Duden, Bd. 7., 2. Aufl). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut.
. (2013). Sucht [Duden online]. Berlin: Bibliographisches Institut. Zugriff unter www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Sucht
(2013). A comparison of D2 receptor specific binding in obese and normal-weight individuals using PET with (N-[(11) C]methyl)benperidol. Synapse, 67, 748–756. doi 10.1002/syn.21680
(2009). Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite, 52, 430–436.
(2013). Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for children. Eating Behaviors, 14, 508–512.
(2012). An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 45, 657–663.
(1990). Addiction: Definition and implications. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 1403–1408.
(2005). Incubation of sucrose craving: Effects of reduced training and sucrose pre-loading. Physiology and Behavior, 84, 73–79.
(2012). Association of leptin with food cue-induced activation in human reward pathways. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 529–537.
(2007). Effects of intravenous glucose on dopaminergic function in the human brain in vivo. Synapse, 61, 748–756.
(2013). Esssucht als Krankheit: Wenn der Appetit unbezwingbar ist. In FAZ-NET. Frankfurt a. M.: Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung. Zugriff unter www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/medizin/esssucht-als-krankheit-wenn-der-appetit-unbezwingbar-ist-12181944.html
(2009). Refined food addiction: A classic substance use disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 72, 518–526.
(2010). Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nature Neuroscience, 13, 635–641.
(2006). Conditioned withdrawal drives heroin consumption and decreases reward sensitivity. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 5894–5900.
(2001). Leptin as a possible modulator of craving for alcohol. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 509–510.
(2013). Konzept der Verhaltenssüchte und Grenzen des Suchtbegriffs. Nervenarzt, 84, 548–556.
(2009). Exploration of food addiction in pediatric patients: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 3, 26–32.
(2014). Five years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Taking stock and moving forward. Current Addiction Reports, 1, 193–205. doi 10.1007/s40429–014–0021-z
(2012). German translation and validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Diagnostica, 58, 115–126.
Meyers Konversationslexikon. Eine Enzyklopädie des allgemeinen Wissens (4. Aufl., 1888–1889). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
(2011). Addiction and dependence in DSM-V. (2011). Addiction, 106, 866–867.
(2010). Modulation of mesolimbic dopamine system by leptin. Brain Research, 1350, 65–70.
(2005). Impulsive and self-conscious: Adolescents’ vulnerability to advertising and promotion. Journal of Public Policy, 24, 202–221.
(2006). Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling? Addiction, 101, 152–160.
(2011). Addiction to highly pleasurable food as a cause of the childhood obesity epidemic: A qualitative internet study. Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 295–307.
(2005). Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience, 134, 737–744.
(1956). The descriptive features of food addiction: Addictive eating and drinking. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 17, 198–224.
(1953). Comment: The new nomenclature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 548–549.
(2011). Trends in television food advertising to young people. 2010 update. Hartford, CT: Author. Retrieved from www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/reports/RuddReport_TVFoodAdvertising_6.11.pdf
(2011). DSM-5: Die Aufhebung der Unterscheidung von Abhängigkeit und Missbrauchund die Öffnung für Verhaltenssüchte. SUCHT, 57, 45–48.
(2007). Evaluating binge eating disorder in children: Development of the children’s binge eating disorder scale (C-BEDS). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40, 82–89.
(2008). Abuse potential of carbohydrates for overweight carbohydrate cravers. Psychopharmacology, 197, 637–647.
(2010). Alterations of central dopamine receptors before and after gastric bypass surgery. Obesity Surgery, 20, 369–374.
(2014). Zur Rolle der Familie bei Essanfällen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Eine systematische Übersicht. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 42, 61–70.
(2008). Food restriction markedly increases dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in a rat model of obesity as assessed with in-vivo muPET imaging ([11C] raclopride) and in-vitro ([3H] spiperone) autoradiography. Synapse, 62, 50–61.
(2014). Substanzgebrauchsstörung und nicht-substanzgebundene Süchte im DSM-5. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 42, 115–120.
(2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet, 357(9253), 354–357.
(2012). Dopamine deficiency, eating, and body weight. In K. D. BrownellM. S. GoldEds., Food and addiction: A comprehensive handbook. (pp. 185–193). New York: Oxford University Press.
(2011). Lower striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in obese compared with nonobese subjects. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Research, 1, 37.
(1993). Dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine, and weight loss among female carbohydrate cravers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 201–210.
(2009). Common sense about taste: from mammals to insects. Cell, 139, 234–244.
(1994). Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 372, 425–432.
