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Übersichtsarbeit

Prävention externaler Störungen – zum Stand der Forschung

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000650

Zusammenfassung.Hintergrund: Da externale Störungen (Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen, Störungen des Sozialverhaltens) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen häufig auftreten, im Entwicklungsverlauf stabil sind und mit starken individuellen Belastungen sowie hohen volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten einhergehen, wird die Prävention externaler Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter immer bedeutsamer. Methodik: Diese Übersichtsarbeit fasst den Stand der Forschung anhand von ausgewählten aktuellen Metaanalysen und systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten zusammen. Zusätzlich sollen exemplarisch Ergebnisse zur Prävention externaler Störungen aus dem deutschen Sprachraum aufgeführt werden. Ergebnisse: Wie bei der Therapie sollten auch bei der Prävention multimodale Ansätze bevorzugt werden, welche auf die Verminderung externaler Symptome in spezifischen Lebensbereichen abzielen. Dabei sollten umfeldzentrierten Interventionen, die in der Familie und im Kindergarten/in der Schule ansetzen, der Vorzug gegenüber kindzentrierten Interventionen gegeben werden. Kindzentrierte Interventionen sollten v. a. dann eingesetzt werden, wenn der Fokus auf der Bearbeitung von externalen Verhaltensauffälligkeiten im Kontext von Gleichaltrigen liegt. Schlussfolgerung: Flächendeckende kindergarten- und schulbasierte Maßnahmen, die auch kindzentrierte Ansätze und Gruppenangebote für Eltern einschließen, sollten zur Prävention externaler Verhaltensstörungen umgesetzt und in groß angelegten Studien in ihrer Wirksamkeit in der Routineanwendung geprüft werden.


The prevention of externalizing disturbances

Abstract. Objectives: Externalizing disturbances (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders, oppositional defiant disorders, conduct disorders) in children and adolescents have a high prevalence, are stable over time, and precipitate a high individual and economic burden. Method: This review article presents the state of research based on selected current meta-analyzes and systematic reviews. Additionally, evidenced-based German-language prevention programs are discussed. Results: As in treatment, a multimodal approach to prevention is recommended which aims at reducing externalizing symptoms in specific settings. Interventions that focus on the specific environment in the family and the (pre-)school are preferable. Child-focused interventions are especially important in the context of peer-related problematic behavior because parent-based or teacher-based interventions may be less able to affect peer interactions. Conclusions: Comprehensive parent-based and (pre-)school-based preventive interventions of externalizing disturbances should be implemented. These should also include child-based approaches and additional parent-based group interventions. The effects of these interventions should be tested in large-scale studies.

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