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Zum Einfluss von Bindungsmerkmalen auf Gegenübertragungsreaktionen

Effekte von Tonbandsequenzen des Adult-Attachment-Interviews auf die emotionale Befindlichkeit, die Zuschreibung von Freundlichkeit und die Kontaktbereitschaft von Zuhörern

Published Online:February 28, 2015https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000062

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. Zur Aufklärung der in der Literatur gefundenen Zusammenhänge zwischen Bindungsmustern von Psychotherapiepatienten vor der Behandlung und der Qualität der therapeutischen Beziehung wurden drei Tonband-Sequenzen aus Adult-Attachment-Interviews, die jeweils prototypisch eine sichere (autonomous), eine ambivalente (enmeshed) oder eine vermeidende (dismissive) Bindung repräsentierten, nach Zufall einer Stichprobe von N = 343 Medizinstudenten zugeordnet. Nach der Präsentation der Tonbandsequenzen wurden das emotionale Wohlbefinden der Probanden, ihre Einschätzung der Freundlichkeit der interviewten Person und ihre Bereitschaft, mit der Person in Kontakt zu treten, erhoben. Die Datenanalysen ergaben, dass Probanden, die den ambivalenten Tonbandausschnitt gehört hatten, die stärksten Beeinträchtigungen des Wohlbefindens zeigten, wohingegen die Einschätzungen der Freundlichkeit sowie die Kontaktbereitschaft bei den Probanden mit vermeidender Darbietung am geringsten ausfielen. Interaktionseffekte zwischen den unterschiedlichen Tonbanddarbietungen und dem Bindungstyp der Probanden ergaben sich nicht. Die Studie repliziert die Ergebnisse von Martin et al. (2007), bei der das gleiche Gegenübertragungs-Reaktionsmuster an zwei Stichproben (Studierenden sowie Psychotherapie-Ausbildungskandidaten) gefunden wurde. Psychotherapeuten sollten sich bewusst sein, dass unterschiedliche Gegenübertragungsreaktionen auf so subtilen Bahnen wie der Erzählung der Patienten über ihre Beziehung zu den Eltern ausgelöst werden können. Die Kenntnis des Bindungsmusters ihrer Patienten kann für Psychotherapeuten hilfreich sein bei der Entwicklung einer tragfähigen therapeutischen Beziehung.


The Influence of Attachment Characteristics on Countertransference

Effects of Tape Recorded AAI-Sequences on Emotional Well-Being, Attribution of Friendliness and Readiness for Social Interaction of Listeners

Abstract. For the purpose of clarifying the association between patients' pre-treatment attachment characteristics and the quality of the therapeutic relationship, we randomly assigned three audio-taped AAI-transcript sequences – each representing prototypically a secure (autonomous), an ambivalent (enmeshed), or an avoidant (dismissive) attachment representation – to a sample of N = 343 medical students. After the presentation of the audio-sequences, participants' well-being, their evaluations of the friendliness of the interviewed person, and their readiness for social interaction with the person were measured. Data analyses indicated that the ambivalent AAI-narrative evoked the highest impairment of well-being, whereas the participants' evaluations of friendliness and their readiness for social interaction were lowest with regard to the dismissive narrative. Interactions between AAI-tape sequences and listeners' attachment characteristics were not found. The study replicates findings from Martin et al. (2007) who found the same countertransference reaction patterns within two samples (students and psychotherapy trainees). Our results suggest that countertransference reactions are influenced by subtle ways as the patients' attachment related narratives of their childhood relationships. For psychotherapists the knowledge of a patient's attachment style may be helpful for supporting the development of the therapeutic alliance.

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