Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Bislang war im deutschen Sprachraum kein Fragebogen vorhanden, der den multifaktoriellen Konstrukteigenschaften der Resilienz gerecht wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es daher, eine deutsche Version eines multifaktoriellen, personelle, familiäre und soziale Schutzfaktoren abbildenden Selbstauskunftsfragebogens, der Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) zu validieren. Hierzu wurde eine internetbasierte Querschnittsuntersuchung an einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe (N = 524) durchgeführt. Ergänzend wurde explorativ eine klinische Stichprobe von Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer ersten depressiven Episode (N = 69) mit der RSA untersucht. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigte eine akzeptable Passung des postulierten Sechs-Faktoren-Modells. Die internen Konsistenzen der Subskalen und der Gesamtskala RSA waren moderat bis hoch einzuschätzen, eine Ausnahme bildete hierbei die Subskala Strukturiertheit. Signifikant positive sowie negative Korrelationen mit Fragebögen zur wahrgenommenen Resilienz, sozialen Unterstützung und Beeinträchtigung durch Symptombelastungen belegten die Konstruktvalidität. Die Probanden der nicht-klinischen Stichprobe erreichten im Vergleich zur klinischen Stichprobe in allen RSA Subskalen sowie dem Gesamtskalenwert signifikant bessere Summenwerte. Mit der untersuchten Version der RSA steht dem deutschsprachigen Raum erstmals ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Verfügung, das auf ökonomische Weise eine multifaktorielle Erfassung des individuellen Schutzfaktorenrepertoires und damit der potentiellen psychischen Resilienz gegenüber widrigen Lebensumständen ermöglicht.
Abstract. Our study aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of a German version of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). The RSA is a multifactorial resilience questionnaire, which measures dispositional resources, family support, and external supporting systems. To date, it was not possible to assess resilience as a multifactorial construct in German speaking countries. A non-clinical sample (N = 524) took part in a cross-sectional, Internet-based survey. Additionally, in an explorative approach, a clinical sample of patients with recent-onset depression (N = 69) were investigated. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor solution suggested for the original RSA. Further, the results indicated moderate-to-high internal consistencies for the whole scale and all but one subscale. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the RSA and another resilience scale as well as scales assessing perceived social support and general psychopathology. Group comparisons revealed significant differences between patients and healthy controls. The German version of the RSA is a valid and suitable questionnaire for assessing factors protecting mental health.
Literatur
2016). The Road to Resilience. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx
(2011). The Reliability and Validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults – Turkish Version. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 22 (2), 4 – 14.
(2009). Schutzfaktoren bei Kindern und Jugendlichen – Stand der Forschung zu psychosozialen Schutzfaktoren von Gesundheit. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung.
(2012). Resilienz und psychologische Schutzfaktoren im Erwachsenenalter. Köln: Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung.
(2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino: Multivariate Software, Inc.
(2011). Einführung in die Test- und Fragebogenkonstruktion (3., neu bearb. Aufl.). München: Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747.57.3.227
(2016). Bevölkerung auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011. Verfügbar unter https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html
(2000). Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Urban Adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 391 – 400.
(2015). The Italian validation study of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 272, 16 – 24.
(2012). The contribution of work and non-work stressors to common mental disorders in the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 42, 829 – 842. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001759
(1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577 – 584. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577
(2006). The ecological relationship between deprivation, social isolation and rates of hospital admission for acute psychiatric care: A comparison of London and New York City. Health Place, 12, 19 – 37.
(2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). London: Sage publications.
(2013). Psychological resilience. European Psychologist, 18, 12 – 23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
(2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14, 29 – 42.
(2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12, 65 – 76.
(2006). Likert-based versus semantic differential-based scorings of positive psychological constructs: A psychometric comparison of two versions of a scale measuring resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 873 – 884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.08.015
(2014). Resilienz (3. neu bearbeitete Aufl.). München: Reinhardt/UTB.
(1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127 – 136.
(2000). Questions on life satisfaction (FLZ-M) – A short questionnaire for assessing subjective quality of life. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 150 – 159. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.16.3.150
(2012). Development of mental disorders one year after exposure to psychosocial stressors; a cohort study in primary care patients with a physical complaint. BMC Psychiatry, 12 (120) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-120
(2015). Resilience in a reborn nation: Validation of the Lithuanian Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA). Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 126 – 133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.003
(2007). Measuring protective factors: The development of two resilience scales in Norway. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 303 – 321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2006.12.003
(2011). The Resilience Scale for Adults: Construct Validity and Measurement in a Belgian Sample. International Journal of Testing, 11, 53 – 70. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2010.508570
(2001). Preliminary results from the development and validation of a Norwegian scale for measuring adult resilience. Journal Norwegian Psychological Association, 38, 310 – 317.
(2017). A New Scale for Adolescent Resilience: Grasping the Central Protective Resources Behind Healthy Development. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 9, 2, 84 – 96. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2006.11909791
(2015). The cross-cultural validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults: A comparison between Norway and Brazil. BMC Psychology, 3, 1 – 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-015-0076-1
(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1 – 55.
(2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 22.0). Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
(2010). Cross-cultural validation of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) in Iran. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 418 – 425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00794.x
(2015). A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, 1 – 79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X1400082X
(1991). Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: Factorial structure, reliability, and theoretical implications. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 150 – 160.
(2013). The relationship between psychosocial functioning and resilience and negative symptoms in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 47, 762 – 771. https://doi.org/10.1177/000486741348821
(2013). Resilience: A Meta-Analytic Approach. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91, 269 – 279. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00095.x
(2015). Resilienz im Erwachsenenalter. München: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag.
(2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 86 – 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019
(2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857 – 885.
(2012).
(Exploratorische (EFA) und Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (CFA) . In H. MoosbruggerA. Kelava (Hrsg.), Testtheorie und Fragebogenkonstruktion (S. 325 – 344). Berlin: Springer.2005).
(Resilience Processes in Development Fostering Positive Adaptation in the Context of Adversity . In S. GoldsteinR. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (pp. 17 – 38). New York, NY: Springer.2015). Resilience through the lens of interactionism: a systematic review. Psychological Assessment, 27 (1), 1 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000024
(2014). Abschlussarbeiten in der Psychologie und den Sozialwissenschaften – Planen, Durchführen und Auswerten. Hallbergmoos: Pearson.
(2015). Resilienz und Resilienzföderung über die Lebenspanne. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
(2007). Evaluation von Messinstrumenten für den strategischen Bereich „psychische Gesundheit/Stress“. Bern: Zürcher Hochschule Winterthur (ZHW), Fachstelle Gesundheitswissenschaften Gesundheitsförderung Schweiz.
(2008). Reduced subjective quality of life in persons at risk for psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117, 357 – 368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01152.x
(1990).
(Psychological resilience and protective mechanisms . In J. RolA. MasteD. CicchettK. NuechterleinS. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 181 – 214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.2005). Die Resilienzskala – Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der psychischen Widerstandsfähigkeit als Personenmerkmal, Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 53, 16 – 39.
(2007). The importance of social context: neighborhood stressors, stress-buffering mechanisms, and alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 1867 – 1881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.045
(2014). Strukturgleichungsmodellierung: Ein Ratgeber für die Praxis. Wiesbaden: Springer.
(1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165 – 178.
(1992). The children of Kauai: Resiliency and recovery in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 262 – 268. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(92)90157-7
(2005).
(What Can We Learn about Resilience from Large-Scale Longitudinal Studies? In S. GoldsteinR. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of Resilience in Children (pp. 17 – 38). New York, NY: Springer.2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21, 152 – 169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959259810000420
(2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9 (8), 1 – 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-9-8
(2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 655 – 679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018
(2016). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/
(2013). Understanding resilience, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 15 (7), 1 – 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010
(2004).
(Resilienz. Widerstandsfähigkeit von Kindern in Tageseinrichtungen fördern . In E. F. Wassilios (Hrsg.), Beiträge zur Bildungsqualität (4. Aufl.). Berlin: Cornelsen.1976). Die Beschwerden-Liste – Parallelformen B-L und B-L’. Weinheim: Beltz.
(2011a). Beschwerden- Liste (B-LR). Revidierte Fassung. Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
(2011b). Bf-SR. Die Befindlichkeits-Skala. Revidierte Fassung. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
(1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30 – 41.
(1990). Psychometric Characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 610 – 617.
(