Zwei Seelen wohnen, ach, in meiner Brust
Psychologische und philosophische Erkenntnisse zum Konflikt zwischen Impuls und Selbstkontrolle
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Bereits die antike Philosophie hat sich mit der Frage beschäftigt, warum Menschen zuweilen wider besseres Wissen den kurzfristigen Verlockungen des Augenblicks nachgeben und damit wichtigen langfristigen Zielen zuwider handeln. In der modernen Psychologie wird das Problem der Selbstkontrolle in einer ganzen Reihe von Ansätzen aufgegriffen, darunter kybernetische Modelle, intertemporale Entscheidungsmodelle, Zielintentions-Modelle, Zielkonflikt-Modelle, und Zweisystem-Modelle. Zweisystem-Modelle scheinen sich von den übrigen Ansätzen dadurch abzuheben, dass sie impulsive Prozesse der Verhaltensdetermination explizit thematisieren und in Erklärungsmodelle menschlichen Verhaltens integrieren. Wir berichten jüngere empirische Befunde, die aus einem solchen Ansatz erwachsen sind und diskutieren die Vorteile und Grenzen einer Zweisystem-Modellierung von Selbstkontrollkonflikten aus grundlagen- und anwendungsorientierter Sicht.
Abstract. Ancient philosophers already wondered why people sometimes act against their better judgment. That is, why do people yield to immediate short-term temptations even though they know that it will be detrimental to the pursuit of their long-term goals? Modern psychology has tackled the self-control problem from a variety of perspectives, such as cybernetic models, models of inter-temporal choice, goal-intention models, goal-conflict models, and dual-system models. One advantage of dual-system models seems to be that these models explicitly integrate impulsive processes of behavior determination into their theoretical architecture. We report a program of empirical research which has emanated from a dual-system approach and discuss the benefits and limitations of such an approach for basic and applied research.
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