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Open AccessStudy

Addictive Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents

Results From a Cross-Sectional Study of 513 German High-School Students

Published Online:December 01, 2023https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000427

Abstract

Abstract:Theoretical Background: The use of social media has become an integral part of the lives of young people. Negative effects on mental health have been reported previously; however, it remained unclear whether the amount of time spent with social media use per se or its usage patterns lead to possible impairments. Addictive use is characterized by compulsive usage patterns in contrast to a flexible use. Objective: The present work investigated the associations between the amount of time spent with social media, the usage pattern (i. e., addictive use vs. flexible use), and the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Method: Cross-sectional data based on the self-reports of 513 high-school students aged 11 – 19 (M = 12.91, SD = 1.02) from 39 classes (18 schools) in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, are presented. Hierarchically linear models accounted for the nested structure and were applied to investigate the predictive significance of time spent with social media and addictive use of social media on depressive symptoms. Results: Addictive use of social media could be identified as a significant predictor of depressive symptoms and explained 17 % of variance in depressive symptoms in the present model. Time spent with social media use did not explain a significant share of variance in depressive symptoms, after controlling for addictive social media use. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings highlight that it is not the time spent on social media per se, but the addictive usage patterns that explain a significant share of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Although a reciprocal or circular association between both disorders can be assumed, addictive usage patterns of social media may represent a potential risk to adolescents’ mental health. To prevent negative consequences of social media use, interventions should focus on the particular functionality of social media use.


Süchtige Nutzung sozialer Medien und depressive Symptome bei Jugendlichen. Ergebnisse einer Querschnittsstudie von 513 deutschen Sekundarschüler_innen

Zusammenfassung: Theoretischer Hintergrund: Soziale Medien sind aus dem Leben junger Menschen nicht mehr wegzudenken. Bislang ist unklar, ob es die Nutzungszeiten oder die Nutzungsmuster sozialer Medien sind, die einen entscheidenden negativen Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen haben. Eine süchtige Nutzung zeichnet sich im Gegensatz zu einer flexiblen Nutzung durch ein zwanghaftes Nutzungsmuster aus. Fragestellung: In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Nutzungszeit sozialer Medien, dem Nutzungsmuster (d. h. süchtige Nutzung vs. flexible Nutzung) und dem Auftreten depressiver Symptome untersucht. Methode: Die Daten der Querschnittsserhebung basieren auf den Selbstauskünften von N = 513 Schüler_innen zwischen 11 und 19 Jahren (M = 12,91, SD = 1,02) aus 39 Klassen (18 Schulen) in Baden-Württemberg. Mittels hierarchisch linearer Modellierung wurde der prädiktive Einfluss der Nutzungszeit und des Nutzungsmusters sozialer Medien auf eine depressive Symptomatik untersucht. Ergebnisse: Das Nutzungsmuster sozialer Medien erklärte als signifikanter Prädiktor 17 % der Varianz der depressiven Symptomatik. Die Nutzungszeit konnte keinen signifikanten Varianzanteil der depressiven Symptomatik aufklären, nachdem für das Nutzungsmuster kontrolliert wurde. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass im Hinblick auf die Nutzung sozialer Medien nicht alleine die Nutzungszeit entscheidend ist, um eine depressive Symptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu erklären, sondern insbesondere das Nutzungsmuster eine bedeutende Rolle zu spielen scheint. Auch wenn ein wechselseitiger oder zirkulärer Zusammenhang zwischen beiden Störungen angenommen wird, scheint ein suchtartiges Nutzungsmuster sozialer Medien ein potenzielles Risiko für die psychische Gesundheit von Jugendlichen darzustellen. Um negative Folgen der Nutzung sozialer Medien zu vermeiden, sollten sich Interventionen insbesondere darauf konzentrieren, welche Funktion die sozialen Medien für die Einzelnen haben.

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