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Originalia

Unmittelbare Auswirkungen einzelner Bewegungseinheiten auf das Bedürfnis zu rauchen

Ein systematischer Literaturüberblick

Published Online:July 31, 2013https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000099

Abstract

Beurteilung der Datenlage zu den unmittelbaren Auswirkungen einer Bewegungseinheit in der Raucherentwöhnung bzw. bei temporärer Nikotinabstinenz, auf die Entzugssymptomatik, sowie auf das Verlangen nach Zigaretten. Es wurde eine systematische Bewertung von im Zeitraum Dezember 1975 – Dezember 2011 veröffentlichten Fachartikeln, die den Einfluss einer Bewegungseinheit im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollbedingung auf die Nikotinabstinenz untersuchten, durchgeführt. Neben einer Beschreibung der Studiendesigns werden die Ergebnisse zu den verwendeten Zielvariablen, die durchschnittliche Nikotinabstinenzdauer, Art und Ausmaß der Bewegungseinheit und verwendete Erhebungsinventare tabellarisch dargestellt. 23 von 24 Studien, die akute Auswirkungen von körperlicher Aktivität mit einer passiven Kontrollsituation bei Rauchern verglichen, berichten von positiven Einflüssen der Bewegungseinheit auf das Verlangen zu rauchen. Eine Reduktion des Verlangens nach Zigaretten wurde sowohl bei Bewegungseinheiten von hoher (60 – 80 % Herz Frequenz Reserve [HRR] über einen Zeitraum von ca. 30 min.) und moderater Intensität (24 % HRR über einen Zeitraum von ca. 15 Minuten) als auch bei geringer Intensität (isometrische Übungen für ca. 5 min.) festgestellt. 13 Studien zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der Entzugssymptomatik während und nach Bewegung. In 5 Studien wurde ein 2- bis 3- mal längerer Zeitraum bis zum Rauchen der ersten Zigarette nach der Bewegungseinheit beobachtet. Zudem berichten 6 Studien von einer Verbesserung der Stimmungslage während und nach der Bewegungseinheit. Einzelne Bewegungseinheiten können in der Raucherentwöhnung zur Reduktion der Entzugssymptomatik und des Bedürfnisses zu rauchen beitragen. Bei nicht vorhandener Abstinenzmotivation kann durch einzelne Bewegungseinheiten eine Verringerung der Anzahl konsumierter Zigaretten erreicht werden.


Immediate effects of single bouts of exercise on cravings to smoke: A systematic review of the literature

To review the acute effects of a single bout of exercise on withdrawal symptoms, cigarette cravings and smoking behavior during smoking cessation or temporal cigarette abstinence. A systematic review of articles published between December 1975 and December 2011. The review focused on studies that examined the acute effects of a single bout of exercise on urges to smoke and on withdrawal symptoms, compared to a passive control. Extracted and analyzed information of the articles included details about participants, mean abstinence period of cigarettes, characteristics of exercise and control condition, assessments, study design and outcomes. 23 of the 24 studies that compared the effects of an active and passive condition on cigarette cravings reported a significant reduction during and/or following exercise. Cigarette cravings were reduced with an exercise intensity as high as 60 – 80 % heart rate reserve (HRR), lasting 30 min., to as low as 24 % HRR, lasting 15 min., and also during and following isometric exercise, lasting 5 min. In 13 studies a decrease of withdrawal symptoms during and straight after exercise has been shown. Five studies reported a two- to threefold longer period of time to the next cigarette following exercise. In addition to that, 6 studies reported enhancement of mood and affect during and following exercise. Exercise should be recommended as a smoking cessation aid for regulation of cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and negative affect. Even short bouts of exercise could reduce cigarette consumption, while lowering health risk factors for those unwilling or unable to quit.

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