Skip to main content
Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000162

Zusammenfassung. Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Frage, ob bei Erwachsenen Unterschiede in der Ausprägung verschiedener Aspekte des Trauerns in Abhängigkeit vom Verwandtschaftsverhältnis zur verstorbenen Person und zur Todesart bestehen. Eine Stichprobe von 521 Personen bearbeitete das Würzburger Trauerinventar teils online und teils im Papier-und-Bleistift-Verfahren. Nach dem Verlust eines Kindes oder Ehepartners sind akute emotionale und kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und das Empfinden der Nähe zur verstorbenen Person jeweils stärker ausgeprägt als nach dem Verlust eines Elternteils oder Geschwisters. Nach einem unfallbedingten Verlust sind Beeinträchtigungen und das Empfinden der Nähe zur verstorbenen Person nicht stärker als nach einem Todesfall infolge von Krankheit. Angehörige von Suizidopfern äußern stärkere Schuldgefühle als Angehörige von Personen, die durch Krankheit oder Unfall umkamen. „Alter“, „Geschlecht“ und „Konfession“ spielen keine Rolle als Moderatorvariablen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Kontext internationaler Befunde zu Risikofaktoren des Trauerns diskutiert, und es werden Schlussfolgerungen für die klinische Praxis aufgezeigt.


Grief Depending on Kinship Relationship With the Deceased and on Mode of Death

Abstract. The study explored whether adults show differences in various dimensions of grief depending on their relationship with the deceased and the kind of death. A sample of 521 Germans filled in the Würzburg Grief Inventory partly online and partly in the paper-and-pencil version. After the loss of a child or a husband, both acute emotional and cognitive impairment and the sense of nearness to the deceased are stronger compared with the loss of a parent or sibling. After loss caused by an accident, impairments and the sense of nearness to the deceased are not stronger than after death by illness. Relatives of suicide victims express stronger feelings o‏f‎ guilt than do relatives of individuals who lost their live‏s‎ th‏r‎ough illness or accident. Age, sex/gender, and religion do not play a role as moderating variables. The results are discussed within the context of international findings on risk factors for bereavement outcome, and consequences for clinical practice are outlined.

Literatur

  • Archer, J. (1999). The nature of grief. The evolution and psychology of reactions to loss. London: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Barrett, T. W. & Scott, T. B. (1989). Development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 19, 201 – 215. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boelen, P. A. & Prigerson, H. G. (2007). The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults. A prospective study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257, 444 – 452. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2001). Grief and emotion: A social-functional perspective. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonW. StroebeH. SchutEds., Handbook of bereavement research. Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 493 – 515). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B. & Nesse, R. M. (2004). Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood. Psychology and Aging, 19, 260 – 271. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Buijssen, H. P. J. (1997). Trauer. In H. P. J. BuijssenR. D. HirschHrsg., Probleme im Alter. Diagnose, Beratung, Therapie (S. 67 – 106). Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Burke, L. A. & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). Prospective risk factors for complicated grief. A review of the empirical literature. In M. S. StroebeH. SchutJ. van den BoutEds., Complicated Grief: Scientific foundations for health care professionals (pp. 145 – 161). London: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Carr, D. (2008). Factors that influence late-life bereavement: Considering data from the Changing Lives of Older Couples Study. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonH. SchutW. StroebeEds., Handbook of bereavement research and practice. Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 417 – 440). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Carr, D., House, J. S., Wortman, C., Nesse, R. & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Psychological adjustment to sudden and anticipated spousal loss among older widowed persons. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 56b, 237 – 248. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Center for the Advancement of Health (2004). Report on bereavement and grief research. Death Studies, 28, 491 – 575. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cleiren, M. P. H. D. (1993). Bereavement and adaptation. A comparative study of the aftermath of death. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Davies, C. G. (2008). Redefining goals and redefining self: A closer look at posttraumatic growth following loss. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonH. SchutW. StroebeEds., Handbook of bereavement research and practice. Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 309 – 325). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Doka, K. J. (2003). Grief – acute. In R. KastenbaumEd., Macmillan encyclopedia of death and dying (pp. 350 – 353). New York: Thomson/Gale. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Falkai, P. & Wittchen, H.-U. (Hrsg.). (2015). Diagnostisches und statistisches Manual psychischer Störungen DSM-5. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Farberow, N. L., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Gilewski, M. & Thompson, L. (1992). Changes in grief and mental health of bereaved spouses of older suicides. Journal of Gerontology, 47, 357 – 366. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Faschingbauer, T. R. (1981). Texas Revised Inventory of Grief Manual. Houston, TX: Honeycomb. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Feigelman, W., Gorman, B. S. & Jordan, J. R. (2009). Stigmatization and suicide bereavement. Death Studies, 33, 591 – 608. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hautzinger, M. & Bailer, M. (1993). Allgemeine Depressionsskala. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Houwen, K. van der, Stroebe, M. S., Stroebe, W., Schut, H., Bout, J. van den & Wijngaards-de Meij, L. (2010). Risk factors for bereavement outcome: A multivariate approach. Death Studies, 34, 195 – 220. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kersting, A., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H. & Wagner, B. (2011). Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131, 339 – 343. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Klass, D. (1993). Solace and immortality: Bereaved parents′ continuing bond with their children. Death Studies, 17, 343 – 368. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lang, A. & Gottlieb, L. (1993). Parental grief reactions and marital intimacy following infant death. Death Studies, 17, 233 – 255. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lobb, E. A., Kristjanson, L. J., Aoun, S. M., Monterosso, L., Halkett, G. K. B. & Davies, A. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief: A systematic review of empirical studies. Death Studies, 34, 673 – 698. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. (2008). An attachment perspective on bereavement. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonH. SchutW. StroebeEds., Handbook of bereavement research and practice. Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 87 – 112). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Moss, M. S. & Moss, S. Z. (1995). Death and bereavement. In R. BliesznerV. H. BedfordEds., Handbook of aging and the family (pp. 422 – 439). Westport, CT: Greenwood. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Murphy, S. A., Johnson, L. C., Wu, L., Fan, J. J. & Lohan, J. (2003). Bereaved persons′ outcomes 4 to 60 months after their children′s deaths by accident, suicide, or homicide: A comparative study demonstrating differences. Death Studies, 27, 39 – 61. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S.Larson, J. (1999). Coping with loss. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Parkes, C. M. (1975). Determinants of outcome following bereavement. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 6, 303 – 323. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Parkes, C. M. (2006). Love and loss. The roots of grief and its complications. London: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Parkes, C. M. & Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Bereavement. Studies of grief in adult life (4th ed.). London: Penguin Books. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Prigerson, H. G., Frank, E., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., Anderson, B. & Zubenko, G. S.et al. (1995). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152 (1), 22 – 30. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Prigerson, H. G. & Jacobs, S. (2001). Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder: A rationale, consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonW. StroebeH. SchutEds., Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 613 – 645). New York: APA Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rando, T. A. (2003). Trauern: Die Anpassung an Verlust. In J. WittkowskiHrsg., Sterben, Tod und Trauer. Grundlagen – Methoden – Anwendungsfelder (S. 173 – 192). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sanders, C. M. (1989). Grief: The mourning after. Dealing with adult bereavement. New York: Wiley & Sons. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Shuchter, S. R. & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. S. StroebeW. StroebeR. O. HanssonEds., Handbook of bereavement. Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 23 – 43). New York: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Stroebe, M. S., Folkman, S., Hansson, R. O. & Schut, H. (2006). The prediction of bereavement outcome: Development of an integrative risk factor framework. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2440 – 2451. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Schut, H. & Stroebe, W. (2008). Bereavement research: Contemporary perspectives. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonH. SchutW. StroebeEds., Handbook of bereavement research and practice. Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 3 – 25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Stroebe, M. S. & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197 – 224. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stroebe, W. & Schut, H. (2001). Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonW. StroebeH. SchutEds., Handbook of bereavement research. Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 349 – 371). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Stroebe, W. & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health. The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sveen, C.-A. & Walby, F. A. (2008). Suicide survivors′ mental health and grief reactions: A systematic review of controlled studies. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 23 – 29. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Weiss, R. S. (2008). The nature and cause of grief. In M. S. StroebeR. O. HanssonH. SchutW. StroebeEds., Handbook of bereavement research and practice. Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 29 – 44). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wijngaards-de Meij, L., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H., Stroebe, W., Bout, J. van den & Heijden, O. van der et al. (2005). Couples at risk following the death of their child: Predictors of grief versus depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 617 – 623. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wittkowski, J. (2013). Würzburger Trauerinventar (WüTi). Mehrdimensionale Erfassung des Verlusterlebens. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Znoj, H. (2004). Komplizierte Trauer. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar