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Originalia

Schlaf und Sport

Motorisches Gedächtnis, Wettkampfleistung und Schlafqualität

Published Online:March 02, 2015https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000063

Abstract

Der Schlaf ist eine wichtige Ressource für das psychische und physische Wohlbefinden. Die Erkenntnisse aus der Schlafforschung spielten jedoch in der Sportwissenschaft bislang nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Nach einer kurzen Einführung zur physiologischen Erfassung von Schlaf werden in diesem Beitrag drei Bereiche aufgeführt, die fruchtbare Verknüpfungen zwischen Schlaf- und Sportwissenschaft aufweisen. Im ersten Bereich wird auf die schlafbegleitende Konsolidierung von motorischen Gedächtnisinhalten eingegangen. Dieser eher grundlagenorientierte Forschungszweig beleuchtet den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aneignung bzw. Optimierung von motorischen Fertigkeiten und verschiedenen Schlafstadien und Schlafparametern (z. B. Schlafspindeln). In dem zweiten Bereich geht es um den Schlaf vor sportlichen Wettkämpfen. Für den Sport liegt eine Vielzahl von anekdotischen Belegen über eine schlecht geschlafene Nacht vor einem sportlichen Wettkampf vor. Systematische Erhebungen existieren jedoch kaum. Anhand verschiedener Studien sollen Aspekte geklärt werden, die die Ursachen und Häufigkeiten von schlechtem Schlaf vor Wettkämpfen und die Auswirkung auf die Wettkampfleistung betreffen. Der dritte Bereich widmet sich dem Einfluss von körperlicher Aktivität auf den Schlaf. Es zeigt sich, dass der Sport einen positiven Effekt auf den Schlaf bei Menschen mit Schlafstörung aufweist. Diese Befunde weisen auf einen therapeutischen Ansatz für Sportwissenschaftler in der Schlafmedizin. Abschließend werden sportpraktische Implikationen erörtert und Perspektiven auf weitere Forschungsfragen eröffnet.


Sleep and sport: Motoric memory, competition performance and sleep quality

Sleep is generally regarded as a valuable resource for psychological and physiological well-being. Sleep medicine knowledge, however, has been integrated in sport science very rarely. This paper reviews the basic methods of sleep recording and three areas where sleep medicine and sport science are closely interwined. The first section deals with sleep dependent memory consolidation, especially motor memory. These studies examined the relationship between acquisition and optimization of motor skills and the different sleep stages. The second section covers the topic of sleep before sport competitions. Anecdotal evidence about a bad night’s sleep prior to a sport event have been reported quite often, however, systematic surveys are scarce. Empirical data on poor sleep before competitions are reviewed and the impact on performance are discussed. The third section addresses the effect of exercise on sleep. Intervention studies demonstrated that moderate physical activity is beneficial for people suffering from sleep disorders. These findings suggest the therapeutic application of sports sciences in the field of sleep medicine. Finally, practical implications for sport and perspectives on further research questions are discussed.

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