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Originalia

Befunde aus EEG-Untersuchungen zum Mentalen Training

Ein Überblicksartikel

Published Online:March 02, 2015https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000065

Abstract

Mentales Training (MT) im Sinne der planmäßig wiederholten Vorstellung eines Bewegungsablaufes ist ein zentraler Gegenstand sportpsychologischer Forschung. Im Hochleistungssport und in der Rehabilitation wird es zur Optimierung von Bewegungen eingesetzt. Einen Erklärungsansatz der Trainingswirkung bietet die Simulationstheorie mit dem zentralen Postulat, dass Bewegungsausführung und -vorstellung gleiche neuronale Strukturen aktivieren (funktionale Äquivalenz). Diese Annahme wurde mittels verschiedener neurophysiologischer Methoden geprüft, die teils zu widersprüchlichen Befunden führten. Die Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) kann unserer Ansicht nach dabei helfen, Lücken im theoretischen Erkenntnisprozess zu schließen. In diesem Artikel geben wir einen Überblick über die aktuelle Befundlage zum Mentalen Training mittels EEG. Es sollen drei wesentliche Vorteile der Methode aufgezeigt werden: (a) das EEG liefert Maße der neurophysiologischen Aktivität mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung, (b) technische Weiterentwicklungen (drahtlose Hardware, tragbare Ausrüstung) erlauben die notwendige Bewegungsfreiheit für eine Anwendung im Sportkontext und (c) in der Rehabilitation kann die Vorstellung von Bewegungen als mentale Strategie dienen, um eine Neuroprothese auf Basis von Hirnsignalen zu steuern.


Findings from EEG studies concerning mental training: An overview

Mental practice – the methodically repeated imagination of a course of movement – is a central topic of research in sports psychology. It is applied both in high-performance sports and in rehabilitation to optimize movements. One explanation of the training effects is offered by simulation theory with its central postulate that motor imagery and movement execution activate similar neuronal structures (functional equivalence). Several neurophysiological methods have been used to prove this assumption, but the results are still inconclusive. In our opinion, electroencephalography (EEG) is conducive to the improvement of the theoretical process of understanding. This review surveys current findings concerning mental practice by means of EEG. We present three main benefits of using EEG: (a) it offers measurements of neuropsychological activity with high time resolution, (b) technical developments (wireless hardware, portable equipment) provide the mobility necessary for its application in the domain of sports, and (c) within rehabilitation, the imagination of movements can serve as a mental strategy to control neural prosthesis through brain activity.

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