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Free AccessOriginalia

Der Einfluss von Sport auf kognitive Funktionen bei Kindern mit ADHS

Published Online:September 16, 2014https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000124

Abstract

Der positive Einfluss sportlicher Aktivitäten auf kognitive und exekutive Funktionen (EF) wurde mittlerweile vielfach aufgezeigt. EF stellen zugleich ein zentrales Defizit bei ADHS dar, weshalb betroffene Kinder und Jugendliche im Besonderen von sportlichen Aktivitäten profitieren könnten. Dieser Überblicksbeitrag verfolgt das Ziel, den aktuellen Forschungsstand zum Einfluss von sportlichen Aktivitäten auf Kognitionen allgemein und im Besonderen auf EF für Kinder und Jugendliche mit ADHS aufzuzeigen sowie auf einer theoretisch-konzeptionellen Ebene Erklärungsansätze zu liefern. Es wird deutlich, dass eine heterogene Befundlage vorliegt, die unter anderem mit einer zu geringen Differenzierung der sportlichen Aktivitäten begründet wird. Interessante sportspezifische Erklärungen stammen aus der aktuellen Kognitionsforschung an gesunden Kindern und Jugendlichen, wo eine physiologische und/oder kognitive Aktivierung durch sportliche Aktivitäten diskutiert wird. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse fließen in ein Rahmenmodell von Tomporowski, Lambourne und Okumura (2011) ein, welches für den Anwendungsbereich von ADHS adaptiert wurde, und wo bereits identifizierte Mediatoren und Moderatoren im Sport-Kognitions-Zusammenhang beinhaltet sind.

Numerous studies have shown the positive effects of exercise on cognitive functions and particularly on executive functions (EF). With EF being considered as one of the central deficits in ADHD, these children and adolescents can benefit from exercise in particular. In this survey article the current state of research on the influence of exercise on cognition in general and on EF in particular is being presented. Heterogeneous findings can be revealed and amongst other reasons be explained by too little differentiation of exercise. In order to answer the question which sports-specific features actually evoke certain cognitive effects, current developments in sports-specific cognition research on healthy children and adolescents are being discussed. In the final section a frame model adapted by Tomporowski, Lambourne, and Okumura (2011) is introduced. This working model comprises the identified mediators and moderators in the sport-cognition interrelation and is extended to apply to ADHD.

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