Proposal for a Version of MWMS Across Mediterranean Countries
A Validation Study in Greece, Italy, and Spain
Abstract
Abstract. Self-determination theory introduces a multidimensional view of motivation and explains how the different types of motivation can be promoted or hindered. Following Gagné et al. (2014), the purpose of this study was to create an abbreviated version of the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale (MWMS) and to study the psychometric properties of the instrument using data from 1,035 workers from three Mediterranean countries (Greece, Italy, and Spain). Factorial analyses indicated that the 18-item scale has the same factor structure across the three Mediterranean languages, reflecting common cultural idiosyncrasies and influences. Convergent and discriminant validity indicated that intrinsic and integrated forms of autonomous motivation had a positive relationship with job satisfaction, affective and normative commitment, prosocial behavior, perceived organizational support, job autonomy, and leader-member exchange. Controlled forms of motivation (e.g., social and material) were unrelated or negatively related to most of the variables examined, with the exception of continuance commitment (positive association). Lastly, amotivation was negatively related to all employee-related variables, except for continuance commitment. Practical implications and suggestions for the development of future research based on self-determination theory are discussed.
References
2009). Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: The limited benefits of self-worth strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101, 482–497.
(2013). Promoting organizational citizenship behaviors: The mediating role of intrinsic work motivation. Travail Humain, 76, 205–226.
(2013). Mindsets of commitment and motivation: Interrelationships and contribution to work outcomes. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 147, 17–48.
(1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.
(1980).
(Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials . In H. C. TriandisJ. W. BerryEds., Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389–444). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.1994). Testing for the factorial validity, replication, and invariance of a measuring instrument: A paradigmatic application based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29, 289–311.
(2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2004). Testing for multigroup invariance using AMOS graphics: A road less traveled. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11, 272–300.
(2008). Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: A walk through the process. Psicothema, 20, 872–882.
(2005). Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471–492.
(2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255.
(2001). Need satisfaction, motivation and well-being in the work organizations of a former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 930–942.
(1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627–668.
(1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
(2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
(2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49, 14–23.
(1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507.
(2013). Employee empowerment and job satisfaction in the US. Federal bureaucracy: A self-determination theory perspective. The American Review of Public Administration. doi: 10.1177/0275074013507478
(2008). The work tasks motivation scale for teachers (WTMST). Journal of Career Assessment, 16, 256–279.
(2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331–362.
(2010). The motivation at work scale: Validation evidence in two languages. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 628–646.
(2012). Validation evidence in ten languages for the revised motivation at work scale, Paper presented at the IWP International Conference, Sheffield, UK.
(2014). The multidimensional work motivation scale: Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 178–196. doi: 10.1080/1359432X.2013.877892.
(1997). Proximal job characteristics, feelings of empowerment, and intrinsic motivation: A multidimensional model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1222–1240.
(2011). Validazione della scala di motivazione al lavoro (MAWS) nel contesto italiano: evidenza di un modello a tre fattori
([Validation of the Motivation at Work Scale (MAWS) in the Italian context: Evidence for the three-factor model] . Risorsa Uomo: Rivista di Psicologia del Lavoro e dell’Organizzazione, 16, 201–217.2011). Intrinsic motivation, job autonomy and turnover intention in the Italian healthcare: The mediating role of affective commitment. Journal of Management Research, 3, 1–19.
(1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219–247.
(2013). Self-determination at work: Understanding the role of leader-member exchange. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 518–536.
(2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research. Human Resource Management Review, 24, 1–4.
(2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
(1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS® System for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institutte, Inc.
(1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7, 238–247.
(2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191–205.
(2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
(1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structural modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130–149.
(1994). The role of dispositional and situational antecedents in prosocial organizational behavior: An examination of the intended beneficiaries of prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 836–844.
(1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61–89.
(2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 991–1007.
(2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3, 111–121.
(2012). The role of perceived organizational support, distributive justice and motivation in reactions to new information technology. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 729–738.
(2006). The work design questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1321–1339.
(1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63, 397–427.
(2004). Self-concordance and subjective well-being in four cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 209–223.
(2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111.
(1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes and consequences. California: Sage.
(1997). A meta-analysis of the effects of organizational behaviour modification on task performance, 1975–1995. Academy of Management Journal, 5, 1122–1149.
(2004). The future of work motivation theory. Academy of Management Review, 29, 379–387.
(1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.
(2006). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
(2009). Work extrinsic and intrinsic motivation scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 41, 213–226.
(1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.
(1997).
(Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation . In M. ZannaEd., Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 271–360). New York, NY: Academic Press.