Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Original Article

The Self-Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (SEMS) Scale

Development and Validation With Rasch Analysis

Published Online:August 03, 2016https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000350

Abstract

Abstract. This research developed a new scale to evaluate Self-Efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis (SEMS). The aim of this study was to investigate dimensionality, item functioning, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the SEMS scale. Data were collected from 203 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (mean age, 39.5 years; 66% women; 95% having a relapsing remitting form of MS). Fifteen items of the SEMS scale were submitted to patients along with measures of psychological well-being, sense of coherence, depression, and coping strategies. Data underwent Rasch analysis and correlation analysis. Rasch analysis indicates the SEMS as a multidimensional construct characterized by two correlated dimensions: goal setting and symptom management, with satisfactory reliability coefficients. Overall, the 15 items reported acceptable fit statistics; the scale demonstrated measurement invariance (with respect to gender and disease duration) and good concurrent validity (positive correlations with psychological well-being, sense of coherence, and coping strategies and negative correlations with depression). Preliminary evidence suggests that SEMS is a psychometrically sound measure to evaluate perceived self-efficacy of MS patients with moderate disability, and it would be a valuable instrument for both research and clinical applications.

References

  • Adams, R. J., Wilson, M. & Wang, W. C. (1997). The multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit model. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21, 1–23. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Adams, R., Wu, M. & Haldane, S. (2012). Acer ConQuest [computer program], Version 3.0), Australian Council for Educational Research & University of California, Berkeley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Airlie, J., Baker, G. A., Smith, S. J. & Young, C. A. (2001). Measuring the impact of multiple sclerosis on psychological functioning: The development of a new self-efficacy scale. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15, 259–265. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Amtmann, D., Bamer, A. M., Cook, K. F., Askew, R. L., Noonan, V. K. & Brockway, J. A. (2012). University of Washington Self-Efficacy Scale: A new self-efficacy scale for people with disabilities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93, 1757–1765. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B. & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 94, 77–84. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Antonovsky, A. (1993). The structure, properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 725–733. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman and Company. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bandura, A. (2005). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In F. PajaresT. UrdanEds., Self efficacy and adolescents (pp. 307–337). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Barnwell, A. M. & Kavanagh, D. J. (1997). Prediction of psychological adjustment to multiple sclerosis. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 411–418. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Briggs, D. C. & Wilson, M. (2003). An introduction to multidimensional measurement using Rasch models. Journal of Applied Measurement, 4, 87–100. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Carson, F. & Polman, R. C. J. (2010). The facilitative nature of avoidance coping within sports injury rehabilitation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Sciences in Sports, 20, 235–240. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dennison, L., Moss-Morris, R. & Chalder, T. (2009). A review of psychological correlates of adjustment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 141–153. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dennison, L., Moss-Morris, R., Yardley, L., Kirby, S. & Chalder, T. (2013). Change and processes of change within interventions to promote adjustment to multiple sclerosis: Learning from patient experiences. Psychology and Health, 29, 973–992. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2013.767904 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dorans, N. J. & Holland, P. W. (1993). DIF Detection and Description: Mantel-Haenszel and Standardization. In P. W. HollandH. WainerEds., Differential Item Functioning (pp. 35–66). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ferrier, S., Dunlop, N. & Blanchard, C. (2010). The role of outcome expectations and self-efficacy in explaining physical activity behaviors of individuals with multiple sclerosis. Behavioral Medicine, 36, 7–11. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fraser, C., Hadjimichael, O. & Vollmer, T. (2001). Predictors of adherence to Copaxone therapy in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 33, 231–239. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Goretti, B., Portaccio, E., Zipoli, V., Hakiki, B., Siracusa, G., Sorbi, S. & Amato, M. P. (2009). Coping strategies, psychological variables and their relationship with quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Neurological Sciences, 30, 15–20. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Graziano, F., Calandri, E., Borghi, M. & Bonino, S. (2014). The effects of a group-based cognitive behavioral therapy on people with multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 28, 264–274. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Holman, H. & Lorig, K. (2004). Patient self-management: A key to effectiveness and efficiency in care of chronic disease. Public Health Reports, 119, 239–243. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kurtze, J. F. (1983). Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology, 33, 1444–1452. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Linacre, J. M. (2010). WINSTEPS Rasch Measurement [computer program], Version 3.69.1. Chicago, IL: Winsteps.com. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lynch, S. G., Kroencke, D. C. & Denney, D. R. (2001). The relationship between disability and depression in multiple sclerosis: The role of uncertainty, coping, and hope. Multiple Sclerosis, 7, 411–416. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mantel, N. & Haenszel, W. M. (1959). Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 719–748. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mikula, P., Nagyova, I., Krokavcova, M., Vitkova, M., Rosenberger, J., Szilasiova, J., … van Dijk, J. P. (2014). Coping and its importance for quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 36, 732–736. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Moss-Morris, R., Dennison, L., Landau, S., Yardley, L., Silber, E. & Chalder, T. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for adjusting to multiple sclerosis (the saMS Trial): Does CBT work and for whom does it work? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 251–262. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Motl, R. W., McAuley, E., Doerksen, S., Hu, L. & Morris, K. S. (2009). Preliminary evidence that self-efficacy predicts physical activity in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 32, 260–263. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Motl, R. W. & Snook, E. M. (2008). Physical activity, self-efficacy, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 111–115. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Neter, E., Litvak, A. & Miller, A. (2009). Goal disengagement and goal re-engagement among multiple sclerosis patients: Relationship to well-being and illness representation. Psychology & Health, 24, 175–186. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pakenham, K. I. (2001). Coping with Multiple Sclerosis: Development of a measure. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 6, 411–428. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pakenham, K. I. (2006). Investigation of the coping antecedents to positive outcomes and distress in multiple sclerosis (MS). Psychology & Health, 21, 633–649. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pakenham, K. I. (2007). Making sense of multiple sclerosis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52, 380–389. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Raîche, G. (2005). Critical eigenvalue sizes in standardized residual principal components analysis. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 19, 1012. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rigby, S. A., Domenech, C., Thornton, E. W., Tedman, S. & Young, C. A. (2003). Development and validation for a self-efficacy measure for people with multiple sclerosis: The MS Self-efficacy Scale. Multiple Sclerosis, 1, 73–81. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sà, M. J. (2008). Psychological aspects of multiple sclerosis. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 110, 868–877. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schwartz, C. E., Coulthard-Morris, L., Zeng, Q. & Retzlaff, P. (1996). Measuring self-efficacy in people with multiple sclerosis: A validation study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77, 394–398. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sellner, J., Kraus, J., Awad, A., Milo, R., Hemmer, B. & Stuve, O. (2011). The increasing incidence and prevalence of female multiple sclerosis – a critical analysis of potential environmental factors. Autoimmunity Reviews, 10, 495–502. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shnek, Z. M., Foley, F. W., LaRocca, N. G., Gordon, W. A., DeLuca, J., Schwartzman, H. G., … Irvine, J. (1997). Helplessness, self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, and depression in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 287–294. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wollin, J. A., Fulcher, G., McDonald, E., Spencer, N., Mortlock, M. Y., Bourne, M. & Simmons, R. D. (2010). Psychosocial factors that influence quality of life and potential for self management in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Multiple Sclerosis Care, 12, 133–141. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wright, B. D., Linacre, J. M., Gustafson, J. E. & Martin-Lof, P. (1994). Reasonable mean-square fit values. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 8, 370. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Yorkston, K. M., Kuehn, C. M., Johnson, K. L., Ehde, D. M., Jensen, M. P. & Amtmann, D. (2008). Measuring participation in people living with multiple sclerosis: A comparison of self-reported frequency, importance and self-efficacy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 30, 88–97. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Young, C. A., Mills, R. J., Woolmore, J., Hawkins, C. P. & Tennant, A. (2012). The unidimensional self-efficacy scale for MS (USE-MS): Developing a patient based and patient reported outcome. Multiple Sclerosis, 18, 1326–1333. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zwick, R., Thayer, D. T. & Lewis, C. (1999). An empirical Bayes approach to Mantel‐Haenszel DIF analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 36, 1–28. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar