ERP Responses to Facial Affect and Temperament Types in Eysenckian and Strelauvian Theories
Abstract
Eysenck’s PEN and Strelau’s RTT theories are considered interrelated on the level of traits and translatable on the level of four ancient temperament types. However, they refer to different ways of regulation stimulation, by content (emotional and social) and by the formal (energetic and temporal) characteristics of activity, respectively. Thus, by indexing behavioral and cortical patterns of response, it was predicted that PEN- and RTT-relevant pairs of temperaments would be associated with specific attentional mechanisms. One week after administration of the FCB-TI and EPQ-R, subjects (260) performed the Emotional Go/No Go task while a 32-channel EEG was being recorded. They were instructed to respond to threatening, sad, or friendly faces, respectively, but not to any other facial expression. A range of ERP components responsive to facial stimuli were investigated. According to behavioral and cortical patterns of response, it was shown that PEN- and RTT-related pairs of temperament types were connected with effective functioning of the anterior and posterior attentional system, respectively. On the behavioral level, significant differences in attentional processing of facial affect were registered in PEN sanguines versus RTT sanguines and PEN melancholics versus RTT melancholics, while on the cortical level significant differences were registered in PEN melancholics versus RTT melancholics and PEN phlegmatics versus RTT phlegmatics. Given these results, the theoretical relations between the PEN and RTT – with particular respect to cognitive and cortical mechanisms underlying temperament types – are discussed.
References
2006). Predictive validity of personality types versus personality dimensions from early childhood to adulthood: Implications for the distinction between core and surface traits. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52, 486–513.
(2004). The time course and specificity of event related potentials to emotional expressions. NeuroReport, 15, 211–216.
(2006). The development of emotional face processing during childhood. Developmental Science, 9, 207–220.
(2010). Response inhibition subprocesses and dopaminergic pathways: Basal ganglia disease effects. Neuropsychologia, 48, 366–373.
(1995). Kwestionariusz osobowości Eysencka. Polska adaptacja EPQ-R. Podręcznik [
(Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: Polish adaptation of the EPQ-R ]. Warsaw: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.2010). Spatial attention-related modulation of the N170 by backward masked fearful faces. Brain and Cognition, 73, 20–27.
(2001). Sensitivity of prefrontal cortex to changes in target probability: A functional MRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 13, 26–33.
(2003 ). Neuropsychological symptoms and premorbid temperament traits in Alzheimer’s dementia (unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.2011). Replicability and 40-year predictive power of childhood ARC types. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 593–606.
R (1997). Recognition of the mother’s face by 6-month-old infants: A neurobehavioral study. Child Development, 68, 187–210.
(1999). The effect of temperamental traits on event-related potentials, heart rate and reaction time. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 441–465.
(2012). Delayed early face processing in bipolar disorder. NeuroReport, 23, 152–156.
(2007). Neurophysiological mechanisms in the emotional modulation of attention: The balance between threat sensitivity and attentional control. Biological Psychology, 76, 1–10.
(2009). The late positive potential: A neurophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1373–1383.
(2002). Attention and voluntary self-control. Self and Identity, 1, 105–111.
(2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 225–236.
(2003). Information processing approaches to individual differences in emotional reactivity. In R. J. Davidson K. R. Scherer H. H. GoldsmithEds., Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 681–697). New York: Oxford University Press.
(1993). Effects of attention and stimulus probability on ERPs in a go/nogo task. Biological Psychology, 35, 123–138.
(2002). An ERP study on the time course of emotional facial processing. NeuroReport, 13, 427–431.
(2007). Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia, 45, 15–31.
(1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
(1981). Temperament a system regulacji stymulacji [
(Temperament and system of regulation of stimulation ]. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.1990). Broadening the concept of temperament: From disposition to hypothetical construct. European Journal of Psychology, 4, 287–302.
(2001). Top-down and bottom-up approaches to personality and their application to temperament. In A. Eliasz A. AngleitnerEds., Advances in research on temperament. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst.
(1998). EEG coherence and the reference signals: Experimental results and mathematical explanations. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 36, 399–406.
(1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas.
(1970). The structure of human personality (3rd ed.). London: Methuen.
(1991). Dimensions of personality: The biosocial approach to personality. In J. Strelau A. AnglaitnerEds., Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 87–103). New York: Plenum.
(1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum.
(1994). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. San Diego, CA: EdiTS Publishers.
(in press ). Personality coherence and incoherence: A perspective on anxiety and depression. Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Werner Publications.2010). Psychometric properties of Attentional Control Scale: The preliminary study on a Polish sample. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41, 1–7.
(2008). Personality and cognitive performance. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 39, 178–191.
(2011). ERP responses to facial affect in low-anxious, high-anxious, repressors and defensive high-anxious individuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 961–976.
(2006). Temperament, lęk i uwagowe przetwarzanie informacji emocjonalnych [
(Temperament, anxiety, and attentional processing of emotional stimuli ]. In M. Fajkowska M. Marszał-Wiśniewska G. SędekEds., Podpatrywanie uczuć i myśli. Zaburzenia i optymalizacja procesów poznawczych i emocjonalnych (pp. 45–62). Gdańsk, Poland: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.2009). Lęk temperament i przetwarzanie bodźców emocjonalnych na podstawie ruchów gałek ocznych i procesów pamięci [
(Anxiety, temperament, and emotional stimuli processing based on eye-movement and memory ]. In M. Fajkowska B. SzymuraEds., Lęk. Geneza – Mechanizmy – Funkcje (pp. 311–342). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.1994). Attentional bias in anxiety: A defective inhibition hypothesis. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 165–195.
(2005). Contributions of amygdala and striatal activity in emotion regulation. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 624–632.
(2003). The processing of emotional facial expression is gated by spatial attention: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 16, 174–184.
(2005). ERPs of metaphoric, literal, and incongruous semantic processing in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology, 42, 380–390.
(1992). Extraversion and vigilance performance: 30 years of inconsistencies. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 239–258.
(2006). Processing emotional facial expressions influences performance on a Go/NoGo task in pediatric anxiety and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1107–1115.
(1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: A comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 583–626.
(2012). Neurophysiological correlates of delinquent behavior in adult subjects with ADHD. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 84, 1–16.
(2003). Long-latency ERPs and recognition of facial identity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 136–151.
(1998). Associations between event-related potentials and measures of attention and inhibition in the continuous performance task in children with ADHD and normal controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 977–985.
(2005). An event-related potential study of the impact of institutional rearing on face recognition. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 621–639.
. (2011). The cortical processing of facial emotional expression is associated with social cognition skills and executive functioning: A preliminary study. Neuroscience Letters, 505, 41–46.
(2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2128–2148.
(1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42.
(1998). Attention, self-regulation and consciousness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 353, 1915–1927.
(2005). Enhanced extrastriate visual response to band-pass spatial frequency filtered fearful faces: Time course and topographic evoked-potentials mapping. Human Brain Mapping, 26, 65–79.
(2004). Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting toward fearful faces. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 619–633.
(1975). Arousal, activation, and effort in the control of attention. Psychological Review, 82, 116–149.
(2012). Does processing of emotional facial expressions depend on intention? Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology, 90, 23–32.
(1997). Extraversion and impulsivity. In , The scientific study of human nature: Tribute to Hans J. Eysenck at 80 (pp. 189–212). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
(1983). Toward a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica, 53, 61–97.
(1998). Elements of human performance: Reaction processes and attention in human skill. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2011). Personality types based on the Big Five model: A cluster analysis over the Romanian population. Cognition, Brain, Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 3, 359–384.
(2002). Generators of visual evoked potentials for faces and eyes in the human brain as determined by dipole localization. Brain Topography, 15, 51–63.
(1990). Biological basis of extraversion: Psychophysiological evidence. Journal of Personality, 58, 293–311.
(1995). Event-related potentials, personality and intelligence: Concepts, issues and evidence. In D. H. Saklofske M. ZeidnerEds., International handbook of personality and intelligence (pp. 349–365). New York: Plenum.
(2003). Time course of regional brain activations during facial emotion recognition in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 342, 101–104.
(1983). Temperament, personality, activity. London: Academic Press.
(1987). The concept of temperament in personality research. European Journal of Personality, 1, 107–117.
(1998). Temperament: A psychological perspective. New York: Plenum.
(2008). Temperament as a regulator of behavior: After 50 years of research. Clinton Corners, NY: Eliot Werner.
(1993). The Formal Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI): Theoretical assumptions and scale construction. European Journal of Personality, 7, 313–336.
(1995). The Formal Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI): Validity studies. European Journal of Personality, 9, 207–229.
(2007). Temperament uwagi [
(Temperament of attention ]. Kraków, Poland: Universitats.2008). The time course of social-emotional processing in early childhood: ERP responses to facial affect and personal familiarity in a go-nogo task. Neuropsychologia, 46, 595–613.
(2007). Distributed and interactive brain mechanisms during emotion face perception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia, 45, 174–194.
(2012). Foveal and parafoveal spatial attention and its impact on the processing of facial expression: An ERP study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123, 513–526.
(2010 ). Temperament traits and ERP responses to facial affect: Validation of the Regulative Theory of Temperament. Unpublished manuscript.1997). Formalna Charakterystyka Zachowania – Kwestionariusz Temperamentu (FCZ-KT). Podręcznik [
(The Formal Characteristics of Behavior – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI): Manual ]. Warsaw: Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych PTP.2010). Structure of personality: Search for a general factor viewed from a temperament perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 77–82.
(1991). Psychobiology of personality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(