Boric acid and Borax Supplementation Reduces Weight Gain in Overweight Rats and Alter L-Carnitine and IGF-I Levels
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of boric acid (BA) and borax (BX) on live weight and obesity associated molecules including leptin, L-carnitine, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), and heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) in rats fed with high-fat diet. A total of 60 rats were equally allocated as ND (normal diet), HF (high-fat diet), HF+BA, HF+BX, ND+BX, ND+BA. Body weight increases in HF+BA (85 g) and HF+BX (86 g) were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to HF group (126 g). Boron treatment decreased serum L-carnitine level in high-fat diet (HF+BA 11.12 mg/L, HF+BX 10.51 mg/L, p<0.05) compared to HF group (15.57 mg/L), while no change was observed in groups ND+BA (7.55 mg/L) and ND+BX (7.57 mg/L) compared to group ND (8.29 mg/L). Neither BA nor BX supplementation in ND and HF groups altered the serum levels of HSP70 and leptin. BA and BX supplementation in rats fed HF resulted in a significant reduction in live weight. Boron compounds altered L-carnitine and IGF-1 levels in rats. These results indicate that boron compounds are beneficial in the treatment of obesity as well as in the prevention of high-fat diet-induced weight increase. Alterations in serum L-carnitine and IGF-1 levels in boron treated rats also indicate possible role of boron compounds in energy metabolism in response to high fat diet.
References
1 (2012) Exposure assessment of boron in Bandirma boric acid production plant. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.. 26, 161–164.
2 (1998) A comparative review of the pharmacokinetics of boric acid in rodents and humans. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.. 66, 331–341.
3 (2003) The physiological effects of dietary boron. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.. 43, 219–231.
4 (2013) The Effects of Boron on Arsenic-Induced Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Male and Female Rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol.. 29, 564–571.
5 (1992) Synthesis, cytotoxicity, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activities of amine-boranes and esters of boron analogues of choline and thiocholine. J. Pharm. Sci.. 81, 458–462.
6 (1995) The effects of boron derivatives on lipid absorption from the intestine and on bile lipids and bile acids of sprague dawley rats. Met. Based Drugs. 2, 65–72.
7 (1995) Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.. 61, 341–345.
8 (2015) Effect of mediterranean diet in diabetes control and cardiovascular risk modification: a systematic review. Front Public Health. 3, 69.
9 (2015) Molecular targeting of obesity pathways in cancer. Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig.. 22, 53–62.
10 (2011) Body weight reducing effect of oral boric acid intake. Int. J. Med. Sci.. 8, 653–658.
11 (2015) The effects of dietary boron compounds in supplemented diet on hormonal activity and some biochemical parameters in rats. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 31, 255–260.
12 (2014) 20 years of leptin: human disorders of leptin action. J. Endocrinol.. 223, 63–70.
13 (2001) Leptin and its role in lipid metabolism. Curr. Opin. Lipidol.. 12, 321–327.
14 (2000) Regulation of leptin production in humans. J. Nutr.. 130, 3127–3131.
15 (2008) Effects of L-carnitine on obesity, diabetes, and as an ergogenic aid. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.. 17, 306–308.
16 (2000) Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.. 72, 618–623.
17 (2010) Role of carnitine in disease. Nutr. Metab. (Lond).. 7, 30.
18 (2009) Effect of Carnitine and herbal mixture extract on obesity induced by high fat diet in rats. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.. 16, 1–17.
19 (2006) Effect of genistein with carnitine administration on lipid parameters and obesity in C57Bl/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. J. Med. Food.. 9, 459–467.
20 (1997) Serum insulin-like growth factor I and physical performance in prepubertal Bolivian girls of a high and low socio-economic status. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol.. 76, 98–102.
21 (1994) Hybrid and atypical insulin/insulin-like growth factor I receptors. Horm. Res.. 41, 56–64.
22 (2006)
Feedback regulation of the heat shock response . In K. StarkeM. GaestelEds., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (pp. 43–68). Berlin: Springer.23 (2007) Chaperone regulation of the heat shock protein response. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.. 594, 89–99.
24 (2003) Intramuscular heat shock protein 72 and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA are reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes - Evidence that insulin resistance is associated with a disturbed antioxidant defense mechanism. Diabetes. 52, 2338–2345.
25 (2002) Decreased expression of heat shock protein 72 in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes correlates with insulin resistance. Diabetes. 51, 1102–1109.
26 (1998) Automation of a spectrophotometric method for measuring L -carnitine in human blood serum. J. Automat. Chem.. 20, 23–26.
27 (2011) Long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity decreases the cardiac leptin receptor without apparent lipotoxicity. Life Sci.. 88, 1031–1038.
28 (2015) Efficacy of garcinia cambogia on body weight, inflammation and glucose tolerance in high fat fed male wistar rats. J. Clin. Diagn. Res.. 9, 01–04.
29 (1995) Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nat. Med.. 1, 1311–1314.
30 (2011) Effect of additional boron on tibias of African ostrich chicks. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res.. 144, 538–549.
31 (2013) A high-fat diet increases L-carnitine synthesis through a differential maturation of the Bbox1 mRNAs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.. 1831, 370–377.
32 (1992) L-carnitine: metabolism, functions and value in pathology. Pathologie-biologie. 40, 910–919.
33 (1992) Carnitine function and requirements during the life cycle. FASEB J.. 6, 3379–3386.
34 (2011) Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. J. Physiol.. 589, 963–973.
35 (1999) Circulating levels of free insulin-like growth factors in obese subjects: the impact of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.. 15, 314–322.
36 (1997) Effect of obesity on total and free insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and their relationship to IGF-binding protein (BP)-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, insulin, and growth hormone. Int. J. Obes.. 21, 355–359.
37 (1999) Relationships between IGF-I and age, gender, body mass, fat distribution, metabolic and hormonal variables in obese patients. Int. J. Obes.. 23, 612–618.
38 (1993) Relationship between plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (Igf-I) levels and body-mass index (BMI) in adults. Endocrine Journal. 40, 41–45.
39 (1992) The distal axis of growth-hormone (GH) in nutritional disorders - GH-binding protein, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and IGF-I receptors in obesity and anorexia-nervosa. Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental. 41, 106–112.
40 (2017) The role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the liver. Int. J. Mol. Sci.. 18, 1447.
41 (2009) HSP70 heat shock proteins and environmental stress in Antarctic marine organisms: A mini-review. Mar. Genomics. 2, 11–18.
42 (2000) Stress proteins and the immune response. Immunopharmacology. 48, 299–302.
43 (2008) HSP72 protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 105, 1739–1744.
44 (2007) Association between indices of body mass and antibody titres to heat-shock protein-60, -65 and -70 in healthy Caucasians. Int. J. Obes. (Lond).. 31, 197–200.
45 (2002) Efficacy of sodium borate in the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cows. J. Vet. Intern. Med.. 16, 732–735.
46 (2010) Effects of boron administration on hepatic steatosis, hematological and biochemical profiles in obese rabbits. Trace Elem. Electroly.. 27, 225–231.
47 (2013) Mechanism of body weight reducing effect of oral boric acid intake. Int. J. Endocrinol.. 2013, 1–5.