Characteristics and risk factorsof gambling disorder as basisfor responsible gambling strategies
Abstract
Abstract. Aims: To provide an overview of characteristics and risk factors of gambling disorder (GD) in order to systematically identify corresponding targets for responsible gambling strategies. Methods: We conducted a literature review on the concept and characteristics of GD and on the correlates and risk factors for GD. Results and conclusions: GD is characterized by low prevalence rates, but detrimental individual and public health consequences. Responsible gambling strategies therefore need to provide transparent and safe gambling for the majority of gamblers and strategies for early identification, intervention, and harm reduction for the minority of individuals at risk for GD. As individuals at risk for GD are characterized by multiple correlates and risk factors, a multifaceted array of strategies is required. Individual and environmental risk factors provide an important basis for responsible gambling strategies, for instance, which specific high-risk groups (e. g., youth) or gambling behaviours (e. g., high gambling intensity) need to be targeted. As there is no evidence for risk-free gambling, all land-based and online gambling segments should be regulated and controlled within a common framework. Within this process, scientists, practitioners, and stakeholders need to collaborate and translational efforts are required.
Zusammenfassung.Ziele: Es soll ein Überblick über Charakteristika und Risikofaktoren der Störung durch Glücksspielen (GD: gambling disorder) gegeben werden um daraus systematisch entsprechende Ansatzpunkte für Strategien für verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen abzuleiten. Methoden: Es wurde ein Literaturüberblick über die Konzepte und Charakteristika sowie über Korrelate und Risikofaktoren von GD erstellt. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: GD ist charakterisiert durch geringe Prävalenzraten, jedoch auch durch verheerende individuelle und gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen. Strategien für verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen sollten daher einerseits transparente und sichere Glücksspielmöglichkeiten für den Großteil der Bevölkerung bereitstellen und andererseits die Früherkennung, Intervention und Schadensminimierung bei Personen sicherstellen, die ein erhöhtes Risiko für GD haben. Da multiple Korrelate und Risikofaktoren mit GD zusammenhängen, sind auch vielfältige Strategien notwendig. Individuelle und umweltbedingte Risikofaktoren stellen dabei eine wichtige Basis für Strategien für verantwortungsvolles Glücksspielen dar, beispielsweise bezüglich spezifischer Risikogruppen (z. B. Jugendliche) und riskanten Spielverhaltens (z. B. hohe Spielintensität), die es zu adressieren gilt. Da es keine Evidenz für risikofreie Glücksspiele gibt, sollten alle terrestrischen und Online-Glücksspielsegmente in einem einheitlichen Rahmen reguliert werden. In diesem Prozess sollten Wissenschaftler, Praktiker und Interessenvertreter in einem translationalen Ansatz zusammenarbeiten.
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