Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
A Model Disorder of Increased Perception-Action Binding?
Abstract
Abstract. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a common, multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Although numerous neuroanatomical and neurophysiological particularities have been documented, there is no general concept or overarching theory to explain the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome. Given the premonitory urges that precede tics and the altered sensorimotor processing in Tourette syndrome, the “Theory of Event Coding” (TEC) seems to be an attractive framework. TEC assumes that perceptions and actions are bound together and encoded using the same neural code to form so-called “event files.” Depending on the strength of the binding between perception and action, partial repetition of features of an event file can lead to increasing cost because existing event files need to be reconfigured. This is referred to as “partial repetition costs”, which appear to be increased in Tourette patients. This indicates stronger binding within “event files” in Tourette.
Zusammenfassung. Das Tourette Syndrom ist eine facettenreiche neuropsychiatrische Erkrankung, die durch motorische und vokale Tics gekennzeichnet ist. Auch wenn zahlreiche neuroanatomische und neurophysiologische Besonderheiten bei Tourette-Patienten gefunden wurden, gibt es bislang kein umfassendes neurowissenschaftliches Model dieser Erkrankung. Auf Grund der den Tics vorausgehenden Vorgefühle sowie veränderter senso-motorischer Interaktion bei Tourette-Patienten ist die „Theory of Event Coding“ (TEC) ein attraktives kognitives Rahmenkonzept. Gemäß TEC sind Perzeption und Handlungen in einheitlichen Codes aufeinander bezogen, gekoppelt und in so genannten „event-files“ gespeichert. Je nachdem wie stark diese Bindung ist, führt partielle Wiederholung von Merkmalen beim neuerlichen Abrufen der „events“ zu erhöhtem Prozessierungsaufwand, da bereits ausgebildete „event files“ gelöst und neue konfiguriert werden müssen. Dies wird als „partial repetition costs“ bezeichnet und scheint bei Tourette-Patienten besonders ausgeprägt zu sein, was für eine verstärkte Kopplung zwischen Perzeption und Handlung bei diesen Patienten spricht.
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