Schlaf und Kognition bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. In diesem Überblicksartikel beschäftigen wir uns mit einer der wichtigsten Aufgaben des Schlafs, nämlich der Förderung kognitiver Prozesse bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bislang wurde überwiegend bei älteren Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben, dass der Schlaf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit auf komplexe Weise beeinflusst. Schon bei sehr jungen Kindern wurde nachgewiesen, dass der Schlaf eine fördernde Funktion in vielen Bereichen des Langzeitgedächtnisses aufweist. Hierzu gehören das Faktenwissen (deklaratives Gedächtnis) sowie das Erlernen von Sprache und das Lernen aus Belohnung. Hingegen fördert Schlaf bei Kindern die Konsolidierung motorischer Fertigkeiten nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen. Klinische Implikationen ergeben sich aus den Beobachtungen der Folgen von Schlafmangel bei Kindern und Jugendlichen aufgrund des frühen Schulbeginns, aber auch aus Untersuchungen von verschiedenen Störungsbildern wie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS), dem Schlafapnoesyndrom und anderen Schlafstörungen. Nur teilweise wurde bisher gezeigt, dass eine Behandlung der Störungen des Schlafs auch zu verbesserten Kognitions- oder Gedächtnisleistungen führt. Dies bleibt eine Herausforderung zukünftiger Forschungsanstrengungen.
Abstract. In this review, one of the most important functions of sleep was described: Its role in promoting cognitive processes in children and adolescents. Particularly, studies of older children and adolescents revealed that sleep interacts in a complex manner with cognitive performance. Moreover, it was shown that sleep supports long-term memory even in young children. This is true for many different long-term memory systems such as memory of factual information (declarative memory), language acquisition, and for reward-related learning, but less so for learning motor skills. Clinical implications arise from observing the consequences of sleep deficits in children and adolescents due to early school hours or due to clinical conditions like attention deficits hyperactive disorder (ADHD), sleep apnea syndrome or other sleep disturbances. Current research has only partially shown that the treatment of sleep problems also benefits cognitive and memory performance. Filling this gap remains an opportunity for further research.
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