Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Mehrere Dinge gleichzeitig zu tun, funktioniert oft nicht ohne Leistungseinbußen. Solche Probleme und deren Ursachen werden im Rahmen der Multitasking-Forschung untersucht. Der vorliegende Artikel thematisiert, inwiefern den Zielen von Handlungen bei der Entstehung solcher Leistungseinbußen eine kritische Rolle zukommt. Handlungsziele in Form sensorisch wahrnehmbarer Umweltveränderungen („Handlungseffekte“) spielen in der Ideomotorischen Theorie der Handlungssteuerung eine wichtige Rolle, da ihre Antizipation als der Prozess der Handlungsauswahl gesehen wird. Nach einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Evidenz für diese Annahme, werden Studien berichtet, die (a) dafür sprechen, dass keinerlei Leistungseinbußen entstehen, wenn eine motorische Bewegung nicht Teil einer Handlung ist, und (b) dass Handlungsziele das Ausmaß der Doppelaufgaben-Probleme bedeutend (mit–)bestimmen. Abschließend wird auf dieser Grundlage die Frage diskutiert, ob es mehrere Arten von Handlungen gibt, wie es verschiedentlich vorgeschlagen wurde. Zusammenfassend weisen die Befunde auf die wichtige Rolle von Zielen sowohl als mentale Vorläufer einer Körperbewegung im Rahmen von Handlungen, als auch bei der Entstehung von Problemen in Multitasking-Situationen hin.
Abstract. Doing several things at the same time usually comes with performance costs. Such problems and their causes are investigated in multitasking research. The present article examines the role of action goals in causing these problems. According to the ideomotor theory of action control, the anticipation of action goals in the form of perceivable changes in the environment (action effects) is the process of selecting and addressing bodily movements. After a brief summary of the major evidence for this assumption, studies are described showing (a) that no multitasking problems arise when a bodily movement is not part of an action, and (b) that action goals crucially determine the extent of multitasking problems. Finally, it is discussed whether different types of actions exist, as has been claimed. In conclusion, the summarized studies point to an important role of goals as mental antecedents of bodily movements when they are part of actions, and to their important role in causing multitasking problems.
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