Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Im leistungs- und im gesundheitsorientierten Sport ist Selbstkontrolle von hoher Relevanz, u.a. um optimale Leistung zu erzielen und Gesundheit durch Bewegung aufrechtzuerhalten. Im vorliegenden Überblicksartikel stellen wir Befunde zu Selbstkontrollbeeinträchtigungen im Sportkontext vor und diskutieren diese anhand von Ressourcen- und Prozessmodellen. Danach argumentieren wir, dass achtsamkeitsbasierte Trainings eine mögliche Strategie darstellen könnten, Selbstkontrollbeeinträchtigungen zu reduzieren. Abschließend werden Grenzen von achtsamkeitsbasierten Trainings und Selbstkontrolltheorien, offene Forschungsfragen sowie praktische Implikationen diskutiert.
Abstract. In sport and exercise contexts, self-control is highly important to achieve top-level performance or to maintain a healthy lifestyle. In this review article, we present results of self-control failure in sport contexts and discuss them with resource and process models of self-control. We argue that mindfulness-based trainings are possible strategies for reducing self-control lapses. Finally, we discuss the limitations of mindfulness-based trainings and self-control theories, open research questions, as well as practical implications.
Literatur
(2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351–355.
(2012). The role of glucose in self-control. Another look at the evidence and an alternative conceptualization. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 143–153.
(2007). Achtsamkeitstraining als psychotherapeutische Interventionsmethode. Konzeptklärung, klinische Anwendung und aktuelle empirische Befundlage. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie, 57, 170–177.
(2017). Self-control as value-based choice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 422–428.
(2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete’s performance in high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20, 78–87.
(2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3, 235–246.
(2004). Mindfulness. A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241.
(2006). Mental fatigue, motivation and action monitoring. Biological Psychology, 72, 123–132.
(2012). Cognitive task performance causes impaired maximum force production in human hand flexor muscles. Biological Psychology, 89, 195–200.
(2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848.
(2017). Graded increases in cognitive control exertion reveal a threshold effect on subsequent physical performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6, 355–369.
(2015). A series of meta-analytic tests of the depletion effect: Self-control does not seem to rely on a limited resource. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 144, 796–815.
(2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 449–464.
(2010). A systematic review of neurobiological and clinical features of mindfulness meditations. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1239–1252.
(2017). An updated meta-analysis of the ego depletion effect. Psychological Research, 82, 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0862-x.
(2012). Investigating the effects of ego depletion on physical exercise routines of athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 118–125.
(2012). The effects of mindfulness meditation. A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 3, 174–189.
(2016). The strength model of self-control in sport and exercise psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 314.
(2017). Ego depletion in sports. Highlighting the importance of self-control strength for high-level sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 1–5.
(2016). Active relaxation counteracts the effects of ego depletion on performance under evaluative pressure in a state of ego depletion. Sportwissenschaft, 46, 110–115.
(2016). I want to keep on exercising but I don’t. The negative impact of momentary lacks of self-control on exercise adherence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 24–31.
(2017). Does self-control training improve self-control? A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 1077–1099.
(2016). State mindfulness, self-regulation, and emotional experience in everyday life. Motivation Science, 2, 1–14.
(2012). Mindfulness meditation counteracts self-control depletion. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 1016–1022.
(2013). Ego depletion, attentional control, and decision making in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 900–904.
(2016). Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning. Breaking down the benefit. Consciousness and Cognition, 40, 116–130.
(2004). A mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35, 707–723.
(2006). Clinical sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
(2017). Mindfulness-based and acceptance-based interventions in sport and performance contexts. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 180–184.
(1999). Implementation intentions. Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493–503.
(2014). “Pay the piper”: It helps initially, but motivation takes a toll on self-control. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 89–96.
(2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43.
(2016). A multilab preregistered replication of the ego-depletion effect. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 546–573.
(2010a). Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 495–525.
(2010b). Self-regulation and self-control in exercise: The strength-energy model. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 62–86.
(2011). Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz. Grundlagen und Perspektiven eines neuartigen Ansatzes sportpsychologischen Trainings für den Leistungssport. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 18, 145–154.
(2006). Control over the scheduling of simulated office work reduces the impact of workload on mental fatigue and task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 50–65.
(2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 174–180.
(2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 537–559.
(2015). Six questions for the resource model of control (and some answers). Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 511–524.
(2012). What is ego depletion? Toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 450–463.
(2014). Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 127–133.
(2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 109–119.
(2010). Ego depletion – is it all in your head? Implicit theories about willpower affect self-regulation. Psychological Science, 21, 1686–1693.
(2010). Cognitive ability and self-control in relation to dietary habits, physical activity and bodyweight in adolescents. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 22.
(1990). Full catastrophe living. Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness.New York, NY: Dell.
(2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1041–1056.
(2013). An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36, 661–679.
(2009). Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 857–864.
(2010). Application of the limited strength model of self-regulation to understanding exercise effort, planning and adherence. Psychology and Health, 25, 1147–1160.
(2013). The effects of depleted self-control strength on skill-based task performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35, 239–249.
(2017).
Attentional and motivational mechanisms of self-control . In D. de RidderM. AdriaanseK. FujitaEds., Routledge international handbook of self-control in health and well-being (Routledge International Handbooks, 1st ed., pp. 11–23). New York, NY: Routledge.(2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.
(2007). Intentions-Verhaltens-Lücke bei sportlichen Aktivitäten. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 14, 3–13.
(2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 176–186.
(2016).
Mindfulness, emotion regulation, and performance . In A. L. BaltzellEds., Mindfulness and performance (pp. 29–52). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.(2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259.
(2003). Mechanisms of self-control failure. Motivation and limited resources. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 894–906.
(2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 242–249.
(2002). Aiming at a far target under different viewing conditions. Visual control in basketball jump shooting. Human Movement Science, 21, 457–480.
(2010). A cognitive control perspective of self-control strength and its depletion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 189–200.
(2015). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 52–57.
(2010).
Effortful attention control . In B. Bruya (Eds.), Effortless attention. A new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action (pp. 29–50). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.(2009). Self-affirmation and self-control. Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 770–782.
(2017). Self-control strength and physical exercise. An ecological momentary assessment study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 29, 19–26.
(2016). Working on a cognitive task does not influence performance in a physical fitness test. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 25, 1–8.
(2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386.
(2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 222–227.
(2013). Inside the mindful mind: How mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 449–454.
(2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance. A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47, 1569–1588.
(2018). Mind the hype. A critical evaluation and prescriptive agenda for research on mindfulness and meditation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 36–61.
(Eds.). (2016). Handbook of self-regulation. Research, theory, and applications (Third edition). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
(2013). Attentional focus and motor learning. A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 77–104.
