Skip to main content
Original Articles

Relationships Among Social Anxiety Measures and Their Invariance1

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.3.172

Summary: Social phobia is becoming increasingly recognized as an important disorder among adolescents. The body of research on assessment measures in adolescents with social phobia has grown considerably. Unfortunately, little is known about the relationship among these measures and its invariance across clinical and community samples. The objective of the present study is to examine this issue. Results show that all of these measures are invariant among samples and assess a single higher-order factor, labeled as “social anxiety,” although each measure appears to tap a specific symptom (cognitive, behavioral, and somatic). Further, results do support the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) as first-line assessment measures for adolescents' social anxiety.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).. Washington, DC: Author. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Beidel, D.C., Turner, S.M. (1998). Shy children, phobic adults. Nature and treatment of social phobia. . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Clark, D.B. Turner, S.M. Beidel, D.C. Donovan, J.E. Kirisci, L., Jacob, R.G. (1994). Reliability and validity of the social phobia and anxiety inventory for adolescents.. Psychological Assessment, 6, 135– 140 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Cox, B.J. Ross, L. Swinson, R.P., Direnfeld, D.M. (1998). A comparison of social phobia outcome measures in cognitive-behavioral group therapy.. Behavior Modification, 22, 285– 297 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • DiNardo, P.A. Brown, T.A., Barlow, D.H. (1994). Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV (lifetime version). . San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • García-López, L.J. Olivares, J. Hidalgo, M.D. Beidel, D.C., Turner, S.M. (2001). Psychometric properties of the social phobia and anxiety inventory, the social anxiety scale for adolescents, the fear of negative evaluation scale, and the social avoidance distress scale in an adolescent Spanish-speaking population.. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 51– 59 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jöreskog, K.G., Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8. User's reference guide. . Chicago, IL: Scientific Software. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • La Greca, A.M., López, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships.. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83– 94 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • La Greca, A.M. (1998). Manual of the social anxiety scales for children and adolescents. . Miami, FL: Author. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lang, P.J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct.. In J.M. Shlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (vol.3, pp.90-102). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Liebowitz, M.R. Gorman, J.M. Fyer, A.J., Klein, D.F. (1985). Social phobia: Review of a neglected anxiety disorder.. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 729– 736 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mattick, R.P., Clarke, J.C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia, scrutiny fear, and social interaction anxiety.. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 455– 470 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Olivares, J., García-López, L.J. (1997). Reliability of the anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV for Spanish-speaking population. . Unpublished manuscript. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Olivares, J. García-López, L.J., Hidalgo, M.D. (2001). The social phobia scale and the social interaction scale: Factor structure in a Spanish-speaking population.. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 19, 69– 80 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Olivares, J. García-López, L.J. Hidalgo, M.D. Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C. (1999). The social phobia and anxiety inventory: Reliability and validity in an adolescent Spanish population.. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 67– 78 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Olivares, J. Ruiz, J. Hidalgo, M.D., García-López, L.J. (1999, November). Un análisis de la estructura factorial de la escala de ansiedad social para adolescentes (SAS-A) en población española ‘An analysis of the factor structure of the social anxiety scale for adolescents (SAS-A) in a Spanish population’.. Paper presented at the I Iberoamerican Meeting of Clinical and Health Psychology, Granada, Spain. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Safren, S.A. Turk, C.L., Heimberg, R.G. (1998). Factor structure of the social interaction anxiety scale and the social phobia scale.. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 443– 453 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Turner, S.M. Beidel, D.C. Dancu, C.V., Stanley, M.A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The social phobia and anxiety inventory.. Psychological Assessment, 1, 35– 40 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Watson, D., Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448– 457 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar