The Short-EMBU in Australia, Spain, and Venezuela
Abstract
Abstract. The short(s)-EMBU (Swedish acronym for Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran [My memories of upbringing]) consists of 23 items, is based on the early 81-item EMBU, and was developed out of the necessity of having a brief measure of perceived parental rearing practices when the clinical and/or research context does not adequately permit application of time-consuming test batteries. The s-EMBU comprises three subscales: Rejection, Emotional Warmth, and (Over)Protection. The factorial and/or construct validity and reliability of the s-EMBU were examined in samples comprising a total of 1950 students from Australia, Spain, and Venezuela. The data were presented for the three national groups separately. Findings confirmed the cross-national validity of the factorial structure underlying the s-EMBU. Rejection by fathers and mothers was consistently associated with high trait-neuroticism and low self-esteem in recipients of both sexes in each nation, as was high parental emotional warmth with high femininity (humility). The findings on factorial validity are in keeping with previous ones obtained in East Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, and Sweden. The s-EMBU is again recommended for use in several different countries as a reliable, functional equivalent to the original 81-item EMBU.
References
Arrindell, W.A. van der Ende, J. (1984). Replicability and invariance of dimensions of parental rearing behavior: Further Dutch experiences with the EMBU. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 671– 682Arrindell, W.A. Engebretsen, A.A. (2000). Convergent validity of the Short-EMBU and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI): Dutch findings. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 262– 266Arrindell, W.A. Gerlsma, C. Vandereycken, W. Hageman, W.J.J.M. Daeseleire, T. (1998). Convergent validity of the dimensions underlying the Parental Bonding Instrument and the EMBU. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 341– 350Arrindell, W.A. Methorst, G.J. Kwee, M.G.T. van der Ende, J. Pol, E. Moritz, B.J.M. (1989). Expanding the validity of a measure of reported parental rearing practices with psychiatric inpatients: Further Dutch experiences with the EMBU. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 493– 500Arrindell, W.A. Perris, C. Eisemann, M. van der Ende, J. Gaszner, P. Iwawaki, S. Maj, M. Zhang, J.-E (1994). Parental rearing behaviour from a cross-cultural perspective: A summary of data obtained in 14 nations. In C. Perris, W.A. Arrindell, & M. Eisemann (Eds.), Parenting and psychopathology. Chichester: WileyArrindell, W.A. Richter, J. Eisemann, M. Gärling, T. Rydén, O. Hansson, S.B. Kasielke, E. Frindte, W. Gillholm, R. Gustafsson, M. (2001). The Short-EMBU in East Germany and Sweden: A cross-national factorial validity extension. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 157– 160Arrindell, W.A. Sanavio, E. Aguilar, G. Sica, C. Hatzichristou, C. Eisemann, M. Recinos, L.A. Gaszner, P. Peter, M. Battagliese, G. Kállai, J. van der Ende, J. (1999). The development of a short form of the EMBU: Its appraisal with students in Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, and Italy. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 613– 628Barrett, P. Eysenck, S. (1984). The assessment of personality factors across 25 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 615– 632Barrett, P.T. Petrides, K.V. Eysenck, S.B.G. Eysenck, H.J. (1998). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and L across 34 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 805– 819Bem, S.L. (1981). Bem Sex-Role Inventory: Professional manual . Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists PressBen-Porath, Y.S. (1990). Cross-cultural assessment of personality: The case for replicatory factor analysis. In J.N. Butcher & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, volume 8. Hillsdale, NJ: ErlbaumBrand-Koolen, M.J.M. (1972). Factoranalyse in het sociologisch onderzoek: Explicatie en evaluatie van enige modellen . [Factor analysis in sociological research: Explication and evaluation of some models]. Leiden, The Netherlands: Stenfert KroeseBriggs, S.R. Cheek, J.M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106– 148Brislin, R.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W.J. Lonner & J.W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research. Beverly Hills, CA: SageCicchetti, D.V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284– 290Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155– 159Eysenck, H.J. Eysenck, S.B.G. (1983). Recent advances in the cross-cultural study of personality. In J.N. Butcher & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, volume 2. Hillsdale, NJ: LEAEysenck, H.J. Eysenck, S.B.G. (1991). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales (EPS Adult) . London: Hodder & StoughtonFrancis, L.J. Brown, L.B. Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the U.S.A. and Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 443– 449Gorsuch, R.L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: LEAHemphill, J.F. (2003). Interpreting the magnitudes of correlation coefficients. American Psychologist, 58, 78– 79Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind . London: McGraw-HillHumphreys, L.G. (1978). Differences between correlations in a single sample: A correction and amplification. Psychological Reports, 43, 657– 658Ironson, G.H. Subkoviak, M.J. (1979). A comparison of several methods of assessing item bias. Journal of Educational Measurement, 16, 209– 225Kiers, H.A.L. (1990). SCA: A program for simultaneous components analysis of variables measured in two or more populations; user's manual . Groningen, The Netherlands: iec ProGammaNunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-HillNunnally, J.C. Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-HillParker, G. Tupling, H. Brown, L.B. (1979). A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1– 10Perris, C. Arrindell, W.A. Eisemann, M. Eds. (1994). Parenting and psychopathology . Chichester: WileyPerris, C. Jacobsson, L. Lindström, H. Von Knorring, L. Perris, H. (1980). Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 265– 274Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Pressten Berge, J.M.F. (1986a). Some relationships between descriptive comparisons of components from different studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 21, 29– 40ten Berge, J.M.F. (1986b). Rotation to perfect congruence and the cross-validation of component weights across populations. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 21, 41– 64ten Berge, J.M.F. (1996). The Kaiser, Hunka and Bianchini factor similarity coefficients: A cautionary note. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 31, 1– 6Van de Vijver, F. Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage