Beyond a Single Pattern of Mixed Emotional Experience
Sequential, Prevalence, Inverse, and Simultaneous
Abstract
The Analogical Emotional Scale (AES) permits respondents to represent the changes that occur in the course of two different emotions over the time in which they are experienced (Carrera & Oceja, 2007). We tested whether the use of the AES allows us to go beyond the distinction between sequential and simultaneous emotional experiences. Specifically, the AES permits us to detect and discriminate at least four different patterns of mixed emotional experience: sequential, prevalence, inverse, and highly simultaneous. We carried out four studies in which different stimuli were used for inducing emotion: personal memories, verbal accounts, videos, and photographs. The results supported our expectation that these four patterns are associated with different levels of emotional ambivalence and tension along a continuum from lesser to greater: sequential, prevalence, inverse, and highly simultaneous.
References
1999). The role of culture and gender in the relationship between positive and negative affect. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 641–672.
(1932). Psychology of pleasantness and unpleasantness. New York: Van Nostrand.
(2006). Can the simultaneous experience of opposing emotions really occur? Motivation and Emotion, 30, 13–30.
(1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401–423.
(1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 3–25.
(2007). Drawing mixed emotions: Sequential or simultaneous experiences? Cognition and Emotion, 21, 422–441.
(2008). Comparing the effects of negative and mixed emotional messages on predicted occasional excessive drinking. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 1, 1–7.
(1986). The relationship in experience between various types of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1031–1038.
(2004). Feelings or words? Understanding the content in self-report ratings of experienced emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 266–281.
(1993). Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1029–1041.
(1999). Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 856–867.
(2000). Attitudinal ambivalence. In , European review of social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 35–74). New York: Wiley.
(1999). Measurement issues in emotion research. In , Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 40–60). New York: Russell-Sage.
(2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 684–696.
(2004). The agony of victory and thrill of defeat. Mixed emotional reactions to disappointing wins and relieving losses. Psychological Science, 15, 325–330.
(in press). The evaluative space grid: A single-item measure of positivity and negativity. Cognition and Emotion.
(1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
(2003, February). Mixed emotional experience. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
(2008, February). Tapping the influence of a mixed emotional experience on helping behavior. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
(2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145–172.
(1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3–30.
(2001). Pleasure, displeasure, and mixed feelings: Are semantic opposites mutually exclusive? Cognition and Emotion, 15, 81–97.
(2005). Response latencies of pleasure and displeasure ratings: Further evidence for mixed feelings. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 671–691.
(2002). Cultural influences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotion: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism? Cognition and Emotion, 16, 705–719.
(1994). The structure of subjective emotional intensity. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 329–350.
(1995). Let’s not be indifferent about attitudinal ambivalence. In , Attitude strength: Antecedent and consequences (pp. 361–386). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
(2002). Can mixed emotions peacefully coexist? Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 636–649.
(2000). Momentary affect in Spanish: Scales, structure, and relationship to personality. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 160–176.
(