Skip to main content
Multistudy Report

The Day Evaluation Q-Sort

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000654

Abstract. The Day Evaluation Q-sort (DEQ) is a measure designed to describe the day as it is experienced. In two undergraduate samples (Ns = 472 and 302), this research explores how the day is described, and how the evaluation of the day relates to personality attributes and to time spent in various daily activities. We find that individuals tend to describe their days as generally positive and productive, and that day evaluations are related to psychological attributes (Big Five traits, affect, and well-being) and time use. Day evaluations are not simply a reflection of the activities that make up the day. Two people spending their time similarly may evaluate the day differently. The DEQ is presented as a measure of day evaluations that captures variation in the way the day is experienced. These differences relate meaningfully to individual differences and how time is spent throughout the day.

References

  • Barker, R. G., & Wright, H. F. (1951). One boy’s day: A specimen record of behavior, Harper Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Berry, D. S., & Hansen, J. S. (1996). Positive affect, negative affect, and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 796–809. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.71.4.796 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Block, J. (1961). The Q-Sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research (Vol. 457). Thomas. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Block, J., & Block, J. (1980). California Child Q-set, Consulting Psychologists Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bolger, N., & Schilling, E. A. (1991). Personality and the problems of everyday life: The role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. Journal of Personality, 59(3), 355–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00253.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brown, N. A., Blake, A. B., & Sherman, R. A. (2017). A snapshot of the life as lived: Wearable cameras in social and personality psychological science. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(5), 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617703170 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Burt, C. (1948). The factorial study of temperamental traits. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 1(3), 178–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1948.tb00236.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Craik, K. (2000). The lived day of an individual: A person-environment perspective. In W. B. WalshK. H. CraikR. H. PriceEds., Person-environment psychology: New directions and perspectives (pp. 233–266). Erlbaum. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hektner, J. M., Schmidt, J. A., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2007). Experience sampling method: Measuring the quality of everyday life, Sage. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hershey, J. W. (1999). Personality traits and personal goals in everyday behavior (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Riverside. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Izard, C. E., Libero, D. Z., Putnam, P., & Haynes, O. M. (1993). Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 847–860. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.847 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jackson, J. J., Wood, D., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Harms, P. D., & Roberts, B. W. (2010). What do conscientious people do? Development and validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Conscientiousness (BIC). Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.005 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • John, O. P. (1989). Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors. Personality psychology, Springer, 261–271. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kahneman, D., Kreuger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science, 306(5702), 1776–1780. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103572 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lamb, D. H. (1976). On the distinction between psychological and physical stressors. Psychological Reports, 38(3), 797–798. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1976.38.3.797 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ten Berge, J. M. (2006). Tucker’s congruence coefficient as a meaningful index of factor similarity. Methodology, 2(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.2.2.57 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Margolis, S., Ozer, D. J., & Lyubomirsky, J. (2021). Two new subjective measures of “objective” well-being: The Riverside Eudaimonia Scale and the Rich & Sexy Well-Being Scale. Manuscript in preparation. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Margolis, S., Schwitzgebel, E., Ozer, D. J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). A new measure of life satisfaction: The Riverside Life Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(6), 621–630. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1464457 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McAdams, D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63(3), 365–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00500.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mehl, M. R., Gosling, S. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 862–877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.90.5.862 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Mehl, M. R., Pennebaker, J. W., Crow, D. M., Dabbs, J., & Price, J. H. (2001). The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR): A device for sampling naturalistic daily activities and conversations. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 33(4), 517–523. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195410 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Miller, T. J., & Ozer, D. J. (2021). Supplementary materials for https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000654. https://osf.io/wse2p/?view_only=3666737f05a14dd79284734fd3ebf6bb First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ozer, D. J. (1993). The Q-sort method and the study of personality development. In D. C. FunderR. D. ParkeC. Tomlinson-KeaseyK. WidamanEds., APA science. Vols. Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 147–168). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10127-023 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pruneddu, A. (2013). Implicit person theories and Q-sort: Personality change in emerging adults (PhD thesis). University of York. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rauthmann, J. F., Gallardo-Pujol, D., Guillaume, E. M., Todd, E., Nave, C. S., Sherman, R. A., Ziegler, M., Jones, A. B., & Funder, D. C. (2014). The Situational Eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(4), 677–718. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037250 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Rauthmann, J. F., Horstmann, K. T., & Sherman, R. A. (2020). The psychological characteristics of situations: Towards an integrated taxonomy. In J. F. RauthmannR. A. ShermanD. C. FunderEds., The Oxford handbook of psychological situations (pp. 389–404). Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Reis, H. T., Gable, S. L., & Maniaci, M. R. (2014). Methods for studying everyday experience in its natural context. In H. T. ReisC. M. JuddEds., Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (p. 373–403). Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sherman, R. A., & Funder, D. C. (2009). Evaluating correlations in studies of personality and behavior: Beyond the number of significant findings to be expected by chance. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1053–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.010 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Sherman, R. A., & Serfass, D. G. (2015). The comprehensive approach to analyzing multivariate constructs. Journal of Research in Personality, 54, 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.05.002 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological Momentary Assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Tennen, H., Suls, J., & Affleck, G. (1991). Personality and daily experience: The promise and the challenge. Journal of Personality, 59(3), 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb02387.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Verbrugge, L. M. (1980). Health diaries. Medical Care, 18(1), 73–95. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wagerman, S. A. (2007). Assessing and understanding situations, University of California, Riverside. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wagerman, S. A., & Funder, D. C. (2009). Situations. In P. J. CorrG. MatthewsEds., Cambridge handbook of personality (pp. 27–42). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596544.005 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Watson, D. (1988). Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1020–1030. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1020 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96(2), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.234 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar