Validation of an Extended Violent Ideations Scale to Measure Both Non-Sexual and Sexual Violent Ideations (The VIS-X)
Abstract
Abstract: A previous study developed and validated a multi-item instrument for the assessment of violent ideations, the “Violent Ideations Scale” (VIS). However, the final 12-item scale contained no items relating to sexual violence and was thus lacking an important dimension of violence. The current study explores an expansion of the original VIS to include ideations of sexual violence and investigates the psychometric properties of this new version: The Violent Ideations Scale-Extended (VIS-X). The VIS-X was completed by participants in the latest wave of the z-proso study (N = 1,177; 595 females, 580 males aged 19–22 years). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted in a calibration sample and confirmatory factor analysis in a validation sample to establish a two subscale structure as optimal. Cronbach’s α and Composite Reliability suggested good internal consistency. Nomological analysis supported the convergent validity of the scores.
References
2011). Understanding the sexual fantasies of sex offenders and their correlates. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(6), 551–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.08.002
(2005). Simulation study on fit indexes in CFA based on data with slightly distorted simple structure. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 12(1), 41–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1201_3
(2020). The origins of you: How childhood shapes later life. Harvard University Press.
(2020). Links between aggressive sexual fantasies and presumably non-consensual aggressive sexual behavior when controlling for BDSM identity. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4119/IJCV-3777
(2019). Prevalence and phenomenology of violent ideation and behavior among 200 young people at clinical high-risk for psychosis: An emerging model of violence and psychotic illness. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(5), 907–914. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0304-5
(2006). Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(4), 348–352. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.4.348
(2013). A brief synopsis of risk assessment screening tools for frontline professionals responding to intimate partner violence. Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, New Brunswick.
(1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
(2011). The general aggression model: Theoretical extensions to violence. Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023842
(2021). The association of polyvictimization with violent ideations in late adolescence and early adulthood: A longitudinal study. Aggressive Behavior, 47(4), 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21965
(2019). A practical guide to the analysis of non-response and attrition in longitudinal research using a real data example. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418797004
(2003).
(Key results from the first forty years of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development . In T. P. ThornberryM. D. KrohnEds., Taking stock of delinquency. Longitudinal research in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary series (pp. 137–183). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47945-1_52015). Predictive efficacy of violence risk assessment instruments in Latin-America. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 7(2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.11.006
(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
(1996). Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence, types and injuries. Health Education Research, 11(3), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/11.3.275-a
(2012). Estimating ordinal reliability for Likert-type and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. https://doi.org/10.7275/N560–J767
(1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
(1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427893030001002
(2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
(2018).
(Test development . In P. IrwingT. BoothD. J. HughesEds., The Wiley handbook of psychometric testing (pp. 1–47). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118489772.ch12015). Prevalence and correlates of young people’s sexual aggression perpetration and victimisation in 10 European countries: A multi-level analysis. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(6), 682–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.989265
(2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919
(2019). Anger rumination partly accounts for the association between trait self-control and aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 81, 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.011
(2016). Profile of partner aggressors as a function of risk of recidivism. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 16(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.05.004
(2017). Manual de evaluación del riesgo de violencia. Metodología y ámbitos de aplicación
([Violence risk assessment manual. Methodology and fields of application] . Pirámide.2021). Validation of the English language version of the Violent Ideations Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), 2942–2952. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518757227
(2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693–2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
(2018). Development and validation of a brief measure of violent thoughts: The Violent Ideations Scale (VIS). Assessment, 25(7), 942–955. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116667213
(2019). Validation of a brief self-report measure of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimization. Assessment, 28(1), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191119858406
(2016). Shaping aggressive personality in adolescence: Exploring cross-lagged relations between aggressive thoughts, aggressive behaviour and self-control. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.022
(2006). Aggressive fantasies, thought control strategies, and their connection to aggressive behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(8), 1397–1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.009
(2019). Reliability, population classification and weighting in multidimensional poverty measurement: A Monte Carlo study. Social Indicators Research, 142(3), 887–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1950-z
(2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
. (1979). Very simple structure: An alternative procedure for estimating the optimal number of interpretable factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 14(4), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1404_2
(2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029315
(2021). Cohort Profile: The Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z-proso). PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pt53v
(2021). Prevalence and risk of violent ideation and behavior in serious mental illnesses: An analysis of 63,572 patient records. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), 2732–2752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518759976
(2013). Shifting boundaries: An experimental evaluation of a dating violence prevention program in middle schools. Prevention Science, 14(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0293-2
(2021). Data and materials for “Validation of the Expanded Violent Ideation Scale (VIS-X)”. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/APW8Z
(2017). It’s time: A meta-analysis on the self-control-deviance link. Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.10.001
(2017). Un viaje alrededor de alfa y omega para estimar la fiabilidad de consistencia interna
([A trip around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability] . Anales de Psicología, 33(3), 755–782. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.2684012013). High-risk sexual offenders: An examination of sexual fantasy, sexual paraphilia, psychopathy, and offence characteristics. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.01.007
(2013). Technology, teen dating violence and abuse, and bullying. Urban Institute.
(1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 432–442. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432
(