Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Original Articles and Reviews

Well-Being and the COVID-19 Pandemic

A Community Psychology Systematic Review

Published Online:January 05, 2022https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000468

Abstract

Abstract. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects through the lens of community psychology. Our study applied PRISMA methodology, and it was carried out using the PsycInfo, PubMed, Embase, and EBSCO databases utilizing the keywords “connectedness,” “resilience,” “shared action,” “social action,” “trust,” “individual well-being,” and “social well-being.” We selected 12 of 216 eligible publications based on the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the role of trust in institutions and others is a protective factor for communities that experience crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, developing social actions promoted connections and social support and that, in the absence of in-person communication, online communication promoted connections and reduced psychological distress and isolation. Finally, the study revealed that some psychosocial factors stem from declines in people’s well-being due to the pandemic and subsequent lockdowns. Furthermore, our findings highlighted the role of technology as a positive communication tool for promoting connectedness and social support, as well as the social function of trust in institutions. Our results suggested that community interactions at the local and virtual levels should be viewed as positive actions to support institutions in detecting the most effective social intervention measures to stimulate individual and community well-being during the pandemic. These findings may serve as a guide for health policymakers in their efforts to face the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic supporting beneficial strategies for social planning and effective public policies. Finally, both the strengths and limitations of the research will be discussed in depth.

References References marked with asterisks were included as part of the systematic review.

  • Aron, A., & Corne, S. (1994). Writings for a liberation psychology. Ignacio Martín-Baró. Harvard University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • AISTED. (2020). Affrontare il trauma psichico: la pandemia che ci ha cambiato la vita [Dealing with psychic trauma: The pandemic that changed our lives]. https://ba7c25ba-5058–40a4–9336-ad90c6ccdd4e.usrfiles.com/ugd/ba7c25_8487cfc339844564bdf4f9af674e3fa7.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Amerio, P. (2013). L’altro necessario [The other person needed]. Il Mulino Saggi. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health – how people manage stress and stay well. Jossey-Bass. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Arcidiacono, C., De Piccoli, N., Mannarini, T., & Marta, E. (2021). Manuale di psicologia di comunità [Community psychology handbook] (Vol. 1–2). Franco Angeli Editore. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Arcidiacono, C., Di Napoli, I., Esposito, C., & Procentese, F. (2022). Community trust and community psychology interventions. In C. KaganR. LawthomM. RichardsJ. AlfaroA. ZimbranoJ. AkhurstEds., The international handbook of community psychology: Facing global crises with hope. Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Aresi, G., Procentese, F., Gattino, S., Tzankoya, I., Gatti, F., Compare, C., Marzana, D., Mannarini, M., Fedi, A., Marta, E., & Guarino, A. (2021). Prosocial behaviors under collective quarantine conditions. A latent class analysis study during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1–17. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jb5hw First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Barni, D., Danioni, F., Canzi, E., Ferrari, L., Ranieri, S., Lanz, M., Iafrate, R., Regalia, C., & Rosnati, R. (2020). Facing the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of sense of coherence. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 578440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578440 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bond, M. A.Serrano-García, I.Keys, C. B.Shinn, M. (Eds.). (2017). APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of community psychology: Methods for community research and action for diverse groups and issues. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14954-000 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Campbell, C., Duff, E., & Zlotowitz, S. (2020). Imagining another world: Why PSC is calling for us to #BuildBackBetter from the COVID-19 crisis. http://www.psychchange.or/lo/magining-another-world-why-psc-is-calling-for-a-justrecovery-to-the-covid-19-crisis First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Capasso, M. (1994). Il viaggio del Signor Niente [The journey of Mr. Nothing]. Magma Edizioni. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Capone, V., Caso, D., Donizzetti, A. R., & Procentese, F. (2020). University student mental well-being during COVID-19 Outbreak: What are the relationships between information seeking, perceived risk and personal resources related to the academic context? Sustainability, 12(17), Article 7039. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177039 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carley, S., Horner, D., Body, R., & Mackway-Jones, K. (2020). Evidence-based medicine and COVID-19: What to believe and when to change. Emergency Medicine Journal, 37(9), 572–575. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-210098 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Churchman, A., Wiesenfeld, E., & Sadan, E. (2017). On Participation and Participatory practices. In M. A. BondI. Serrano-GarcíaC. B. KeysM. ShinnEds., APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of community psychology: Methods for community research and action for diverse groups and issues (pp. 315–334). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14954-000 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. (2018). CASP Qualitative Checklist. https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Di Martino, S., Di Napoli, I., Esposito, C., Prilleltensky, I., & Arcidiacono, C. (2018). Measuring subjective well-being from a multidimensional and temporal perspective: Italian adaptation of the I COPPE Scale. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), Article 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0916-9 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Di Napoli, I., Dolce, P., & Arcidiacono, C. (2019). Community trust as a composite indicator of trust towards the local community and predictor of community engagement. Social Indicator Research, 145, 551–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02114-y First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Di Napoli, I., Guidi, E., Arcidiacono, C., Esposito, C., Marta, E., Novara, C., Procentese, F., Guazzini, A., Agueli, B., Gonzalez Leone, F., Meringolo, P., & Marzana, D. (2021). Italian community psychology in the COVID-19 pandemic: Collective dimensions in storytelling of university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571257 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Di Napoli, I., Procentese, F., Carnevale, S., Esposito, C., & Arcidiacono, C. (2019). Ending Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and locating men at stake: An ecological approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, Article 1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091652 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Esposito, C., Agueli, B., Arcidiacono, C., & Di Napoli, I. (2021). Remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study on the emotional and relational experience and on the well-being of Italian university scholars and clerks. Psychology Hub. Manuscript in preparation. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Falcone, R., Colì, E., Felletti, S., Sapienza, A., Castelfranchi, C., & Paglieri, F. (2020). All we need is trust: How the COVID-19 outbreak reconfigured trust in Italian public institutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 561747. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Gabbiadini, A., Baldissarri, C., Durante, F., Valtorta, R. R., De Rosa, M., & Gallucci, M. (2020). Together apart: The mitigating role of digital communication technologies on negative affect during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 554678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554678 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gregory, R. L. (1990). Eye and brain: The psychology of seeing. Princetown University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hahn, E. A., Cella, D., Bode, R. K., & Hanrahan, R. T. (2010). Measuring social well-being in people with chronic illness. Social Indicators Research, 96(3), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9484-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hall, L. H., Johnson, J., Watt, I., Tsipa, A., & O’Connor, D. B. (2016). Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: A systematic review. PLoS one, 11(7), Article e0159015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159015 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Haslam, C., Jetten, J., Cruwys, T., Dingle, G. A., & Haslam, S. A. (2018). The new psychology of health: Unlocking the social cure. Routledge. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., Gøtzsche, P. C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savović, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. British Medical Journal, 343, Article d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Iorio, I., Sommantico, M., & Parrello, S. (2020). Dreaming in the time of COVID-19: A quali-quantitative Italian study. Dreaming, 30(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000142 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jetten, J., Reicher, S. D., Haslam, S. A., & Cruwys, T. (2020). Together apart: The psychology of COVID-19. Sage. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kagan, C., Burton, M., Duckett, P., Lawthom, R., & Siddiquee, A. (2011). Critical community psychology. Wiley-Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social psychology quarterly, 61(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kloos, B., Hill, J., Thomas, E., Wandersman, A., Elias, M. J., & Dalton, J. H. (2012). Community psychology. Linking individuals and communities. Wadsworth. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Landmann, H., & Rohmann, A. (2021). Group-specific contact and sense of connectedness during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associations with psychological well-being, perceived stress, and work-life balance. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2564 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S., Palayew, A., Billari, F. C., Binagwaho, A., Kimball, S., Larson, H. J., Melegaro, A., Rabin, K., White, T. M., & El-Mohandes, A. (2020). COVIDSCORE: A global survey to assess public perceptions of government responses to COVID-19 (COVID-SCORE-10). PLoS One, 15(10), Article e0240011. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240011 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social sciences. Harper & Brothers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 62(10), e1–e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Macdonald, B., & Hülür, G. (2021). Well-being and loneliness in Swiss older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of social relationships. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa194 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Marzana, D., Novara, C., De Piccoli, N., Cardinali, P., Migliorini, L., Di Napoli, I., Guidi, E., Fedi, A., Rollero, C., Agueli, B., Esposito, C., Marta, E., González Leone, F., Guazzini, A., Meringolo, P., Arcidiacono, C., & Procentese, F. (2021). Community dimensions and emotions in the era of COVID-19. Journal of Community & Applied Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2560 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1%3C6::AID-JCOP2290140103%3E3.0.CO;2-I First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Migliorini, L., De Piccoli, N., Cardinali, P., Rollero, C., Marzana, D., Arcidiacono, C., Guidi, E., Esposito, C., Novara, C., Fedi, A., Marta, E., Guazzini, A., Meringolo, P., Monaci, M., Agueli, B., Procentese, F., & Di Napoli, I. (2021). Contextual influences on Italian university students during the COVID-19 lockdown: Emotional responses, coping strategies and resilience. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 7(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1285/i24212113v7i1p71 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nitschke, J. P., Forbes, P. A., Ali, N., Cutler, J., Apps, M. A., Lockwood, P. L., & Lamm, C. (2021). Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID‐19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12485 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • OECD. (2020). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-COVID-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Orford, J. (2008). Community psychology: Challenges, controversies and emerging consensus. Wiley. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Paolini, D., Maricchiolo, F., Pacilli, M. G., & Pagliaro, S. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: The role of social identification and social and political trust on well-being and distress. Current Psychology, 1–8. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01141-0 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510–512. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2008017 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pichon-Rivière, E. (1971). El proceso grupal. Del psicoanàlisis a la psicología social [The group process. From psychoanalysis to social psychology]. Nueva Visión. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Politi, E., Van Assche, J., Caprara, G. V., & Phalet, K. (2020). No man is an island: Psychological underpinnings of prosociality in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, Article 110534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110534 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Portela, M., Neira, I., & del Mar Salinas-Jiménez, M. (2013). Social capital and subjective wellbeing in Europe: A new approach on social capital. Social Indicators Research, 114(2), 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0158-x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Prilleltensky, I. (2012). Wellness as fairness. American journal of community psychology, 49(1–2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9448-8 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Procentese, F., Esposito, C., Gonzalez Leone, F., Agueli, B., Arcidiacono, C., Freda, M. F., & Di Napoli, I. (2021). Psychological lockdown experiences: Downtime or an unexpected time for being? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 1159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.577089 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Procentese, F., & Gatti, F. (2019). Senso di Convivenza Responsabile: Quale Ruolo nella Relazione tra Partecipazione e Benessere Sociale? [Sense of responsible coexistence: What role in the relationship between participation and social well-being?] Psicologia Sociale, 14(3), 405–426. https://doi.org/10.1482/94942 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Procentese, F., & Gatti, F. (2021). Sense of responsible togetherness, sense of community, and civic engagement behaviours: Disentangling an active and engaged citizenship. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology , 1–12. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2566 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Procentese, F., Capone, V., Caso, D., Donizzetti, A. R., & Gatti, F. (2020). Academic community in the face of emergency situations: Sense of responsible togetherness and sense of belonging as protective factors against academic stress during COVID-19 outbreak. Sustainability, 12, Article 9718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229718 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Procentese, F., Gatti, F., & Falanga, A. (2019). Sense of responsible togetherness, sense of community and participation: Looking at the relationships in a university campus. Human Affairs, 29(2), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0020 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Röhrle, B. (2020). Die psychosozialen Folgen von Desastern: Möglichkeiten zur Bewältigung [The psychosocial consequences of disasters: Ways to cope with them]. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verhaltenstherapie e.V. https://www.dgvt-bv.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Roehrle_Psychosoziale_Folgen_von_Desaster_April_2020__003_.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Röhrle, B., Akhurst, J., Carr, N., Herrera Sánchez, I. M., Arcidiacono, C., Lawthom, R. & EFPA Standing Committee on Community Psychology. (2020). Community psychology in higher education in Europe: Results of a survey and discussion of the basic competency approach. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 30(5), 494–507. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2459 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Rolandi, E., Vaccaro, R., Abbondanza, S., Casanova, G., Pettinato, L., Colombo, M., & Guaita, A. (2020). Loneliness and social engagement in older adults based in Lombardy during the COVID-19 lockdown: The long-term effects of a course on social networking sites use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article 7912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217912 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ruger, J. P. (2020). Social justice as a foundation for democracy and health. British Medical Journal, 371(4049), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4049 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Ruggieri, S., Ingoglia, S., Bonfanti, R. C., & Coco, G. L. (2020). The role of online social comparison as a protective factor for psychological wellbeing: A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 quarantine. Personality and individual differences, 171, Article 110486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110486 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shamseer, L., Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. British Medical Journal, 349, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g7647 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Sibley, C. G., Greaves, L. M., Satherley, N., Wilson, M. S., Overall, N. C., Lee, C. H. J., Milojev, P., Bulbulia, J., Osborne, D., Milfont, T. L., Houkamau, C. A., Duck, I. M., Vickers-Jones, R., & Barlow, F. K. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. American Psychologist, 75(5), 618–630. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000662 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stone, L. (2020). Coping during a pandemic. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49(19), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGPCOVID-19 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Syropoulos, S., & Markowitz, E. M. (2020). Prosocial responses to COVID-19: Examining the role of gratitude, fairness and legacy motives. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, Article 110488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110488 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tripi, S., & Mattei, G. (2020). COVID-19 e Pubblica Amministrazione: implicazioni dello smart working per il management e per la salute mentale dei lavoratori [COVID-19 and Public Administration: Implications of remote working for the management and mental health of workers]. https://iris.unimore.it/retrieve/handle/1138 0/1209334/277976/0171.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Oeindrila Dube, J. D., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, A. S., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Van Houwelingen-Snippe, J., Van Rompay, T. J. L., & Ben Allouch, S. (2020). Feeling connected after experiencing digital nature: A survey study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article 6879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186879 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Velázquez, T., Rivera-Holguin, M., & Morote, R. (2017). Disasters and postdisasters: Lessons and challenges for community psychology. In M. A. BondI. E. Serrano-GarcíaC. B. KeysM. E. ShinnEds., APA handbook of community psychology: Methods for community research and action for diverse groups and issues (Vol. 2, pp. 425–439). American Psychological Association. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Vergin, J. (2020). Solidarity: How the coronavirus makes us more willing to help. https://p.dw.com/p/3aFYn First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Walker, C. (2020). What is remarkable about what we’ve achieved is that it’s unremarkable. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/what-remarkable-about-what-weve-achieved-its-unremarkable First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wandersman, A., & Florin, P. (2003). Community interventions and effective prevention. American Psychologist, 58(6–7), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.441 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory. In J. RappaportE. SeidmanEds., Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43–63). Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zurlo, M. C., Cattaneo della Volta, M. F., & Vallone, F. (2020). COVID-19 Student Stress Questionnaire: Development and validation of a questionnaire to evaluate students’ stressors related to the coronavirus pandemic lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 2892. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576758 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar