Abstract
Abstract. Recent theories assume a mutual facilitation in case of semantic overlap for concepts being activated simultaneously. We provide evidence for this claim using a semantic priming paradigm. To test for mutual facilitation of related concepts, a perceptual identification task was employed, presenting prime-target pairs briefly and masked, with an SOA of 0 ms (i.e., prime and target were presented concurrently, one above the other). Participants were instructed to identify the target. In Experiment 1, a cue defining the target was presented at stimulus onset, whereas in Experiment 2 the cue was not presented before the offset of stimuli. Accordingly, in Experiment 2, a post-cue task was merged with the perceptual identification task. We obtained significant semantic priming effects in both experiments. This result is compatible with the view that two concepts can both be activated in parallel and can mutually facilitate each other if they are related.
References
2004). The capacity of visual short-term memory is set both by visual information load and by number of objects. Psychological Science, 15, 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x
(1995). Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: An event-related brain potential study. Psychophysiology, 32, 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03310.x
(1976). Language, memory, and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1983). The architecture of cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1993). Rules of the mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1966). Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 362–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640746608400055
(1971). Semantic coding and short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89, 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031189
(1986). Depth of automatic spreading activation: Mediated priming effects in pronunciation but not in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.336
(1980). Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies. Memory & Cognition, 8, 493–512. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213769
(2003). Beyond spreading activation: An influence of relatedness proportion on masked semantic priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 645–652. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196527
(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
(1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
(2001). DRC: A Dual Route Cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108, 204–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204
(1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.163
(1995). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
(1999).
(An Embedded-Processes Model of working memory . In A. MiyakeP. ShahEds., Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 62–101). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87–185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922
(1999). An attractor model of lexical conceptual processing: Simulating semantic priming. Cognitive Science, 23, 371–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(99)00005-1
(1979).
(Similarity and order in memory . In G. H. BowerEd., The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 13, pp. 319–353). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.1966). Evidence of semantic coding in short-term memory. Psychonomic Science, 5, 75–76. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328287
(1976a). Response processes and semantic-context effects. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 441–444. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03335193
(1976b). Semantic processing of non-attended visual information. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 30, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0082040
(2005). The demise of short-term memory revisited: Empirical and computational investigations of recency effects. Psychological Review, 112, 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.3
(2006). Semantic similarity dissociates short- from long-term recency effects: Testing a neurocomputational model of list memory. Memory & Cognition, 34, 323–334. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193410
(2001). Interference from related items in object identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 733–743. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.3.733
(1984). Primed lexical decision: Combined effects of the proportion of related prime-target pairs and the stimulus-onset asynchrony of prime and target. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 36A, 253–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748408402158
(1982). Associative facilitation of word recognition as measured from a neutral prime. Memory & Cognition, 10, 358–370. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202428
(1986). Primed-lexical decision: The effect of varying the stimulus-onset asynchrony of prime and target. Acta Psychologica, 61, 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(86)90019-3
(1989). Integrated retrieval cues as a mechanism for priming in retrieval from memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.118.2.191
(1981). The use of abstract graphemic information in lexical access. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 33A, 325–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748108400797
(2007). GPower 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
(2001). Maintenance of semantic information in capacity-limited item short-term memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 568–578. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196193
(1994). Handbuch deutschsprachiger Wortnormen
([Handbook of German word norms] . Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.2011). dlexDB - eine lexikalische Datenbank für die psychologische und linguistische Forschung
([dlexDB – A lexical database for the psychological and linguistic research] . Psychologische Rundschau, 62, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a0000292010). Semantic interference in object naming: An fMRI study of the postcue naming paradigm. NeuroImage, 50, 796–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.067
(1995). Semantic interference effects on naming using a postcue procedure: Tapping the links between semantics and phonology with pictures and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 961–980. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.961
(1993).
(Memory retrieval with two cues: Think of intersecting sets . In D. E. MeyerS. KornblumEds., Attention and performance 14: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience (pp. 489–507). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.1984). Only connections: A critique of semantic networks. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 292–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.2.292
(1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X99001776
(1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subjects designs. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1, 476–490. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210951
(1997). The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions. Nature, 390, 279–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/36846
(1991).
(A distributed memory model of context effects in word identification . In D. BesnerG. W. HumphreysEds., Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 233–263). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.1995). A distributed memory model of semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.1.3
(2005). Semantic priming: Perspectives from memory and word recognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
(2013).
(Semantic memory and priming . In A. F. HealyR. W. ProctorI. B. WeinerEds., Handbook of psychology, Vol. 4: Experimental psychology (2nd ed., pp. 449–471). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.1997). On the nature and scope of featural representations of word meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 99–130. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.126.2.99
(1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031564
(1994). A distributed memory model of the associative boost in semantic priming. Connection Science, 6, 413–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540099408915732
(2010). Semantic priming occurs for word but not location pronunciation in the postcue task. Cognitive Processing, 12, 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-010-0381-9
(2011). The effect of target context and cue type in a postcue word pronunciation task. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 7, 39–48. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10053-008-0086-0
(1991).
(Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories . In D. BesnerG. W. HumphreysEds., Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264–336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.1989).
(Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective-retrospective processing theory . In G. H. BowerEd., Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 24, pp. 207–248). New York, NY: Academic Press.2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 28, 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.28.3.411
(2006). Is the focus of attention in working memory expanded through practice? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32, 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.197
(2009).
(Design for a working memory . In B. H. RossEd., Psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 51, pp. 45–100). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.2009). Activation and binding in verbal working memory: A dual-process model for the recognition of nonwords. Cognitive Psychology, 58, 102–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.05.003
(2013). Analogous mechanisms of selection and updating in declarative and procedural working memory: Experiments and a computational model. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 157–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.11.001
(2003). Verifying different-modality properties for concepts produces switching costs. Psychological Science, 14, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01429
(2002). Associative priming in a masked perceptual identification task: Evidence for automatic processes. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 55, 1157–1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000143
(1995). Semantic and associative priming in a distributed attractor network. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 37–42.
(2000). Individual and developmental differences in semantic priming: Empirical and computational support for a single-mechanism account of lexical processing. Psychological Review, 107, 786–823. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.4.786
(1995). Memory for related and unrelated words: Further Evidence on the influence of semantic factors in immediate serial recall. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 48, 384–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401396
(1995). On the use of counterbalanced designs in cognitive research: A suggestion for a better and more powerful analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.3.785
(2001). Activation and coherence in memory processes: Revisiting the Parallel Distributed Processing approach to retrieval. Connection Science, 13, 349–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090110109173
(2003). Dynamic synchronization and chaos in an associative neural network with multiple active memories. Chaos, 13, 1090. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1602111
(2001). A cortical mechanism for binding in visual working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 766–785. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290152541430
(1988). A retrieval theory of priming in memory. Psychological Review, 95, 385–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.3.385
(1998). Rightward incrementality in encoding simple phrasal forms in speech production: Verb-particle combinations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 904–921. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.4.904
(1970).
(The complete German language norms for responses to 100 words from the Kent-Rosanoff word association test . In L. PostmanG. KeppelEds., Norms of Word Association (pp. 53–94). New York, NY: Academic Press.2012). Evaluative priming of naming and semantic categorization responses revisited: A mutual facilitation explanation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 984–1000. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026779
(2014). Evaluative priming in a semantic flanker task: ERP evidence for a mutual facilitation explanation. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 426–442. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-013-0206-2
(1984). Pre- and postlexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 12, 315–328. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198291
(1992). Weak contextual constraints in text and word priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 31, 543–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90028-V
(1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093759
(2017). Picture-word interference is a Stroop effect: A theoretical analysis and new empirical findings. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24, 721–733. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1167-6
(1977). Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
(1999).
(Short term memory and selection processes in a frontal-lobe model . In D. HeinkeG. W. HumphreysA. OlsonEds., Connectionist Models in Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 78–91). London, UK: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0813-9_72001). Storage of features, conjunctions, and objects in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 92–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.92
(2008). Response-bound primes diminish affective priming in the naming task. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701446064
(1990). Interaction of prime repetition with visual degradation: Is priming a retrieval phenomenon? Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 546–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(90)90051-Z
(2008). Coherence and recurrency: Maintenance, control and integration in working memory. Cognitive Processing, 9, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-007-0185-8
(