Skip to main content
Original Article

Support for Refugee Integration in West and East Germany

Results From Two Lost Letter Studies

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000397

Abstract. Prior research has reported less favorable attitudes toward and more violent crimes against ethnic out-group members in East (vs. West) Germany. We conducted two pre-registered lost letter studies in West versus East German cities (Study 1, N = 400) and in West versus East German rural areas (Study 2, N = 400). To investigate supportive behavior regarding refugee integration, we manipulated the addressee (refugee-integration vs. immigration-stop projects). Contrary to predictions, letter return rates did not differ between West and East Germany. Across western and eastern German regions, return rates were higher for the refugee-integration project in urban areas while no differences emerged in rural areas. A pooled analysis found greater support for the refugee-integration (vs. immigration-stop) project.

References

  • Ahrens, P.-A. (2017). Skepsis und Zuversicht: Wie blickt Deutschland auf Flüchtlinge? [Skepticism and confidence: How does Germany look at refugees?]. Hanover, Germany: Creo Media. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Alves, H., Koch, A. S., & Unkelbach, C. (2017). Why good is more alike than bad: Processing implications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.006 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Andresen, S., Neumann, S., & Public, K. (2018). Kinder in Deutschland 2018: 4. World Vision Kinderstudie [Children in Germany 2018: 4th World Vision study on children]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Armitage, C. J., & Christian, J. (2003). From attitudes to behaviour: Basic and applied research on the theory of planned behaviour. Current Psychology, 22, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-003-1015-5 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Asbrock, F., Lemmer, G., Becker, J., Koller, J., & Wagner, U. (2014). “Who are these foreigners anyway?” The content of the term foreigner and its impact on prejudice. Sage Open, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014532819 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Bansak, K., Hainmueller, J., & Hangartner, D. (2016). How economic, humanitarian, and religious concerns shape European attitudes toward asylum seekers. Science, 354, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2147 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Benček, D., & Strasheim, J. (2016). Refugees welcome? A dataset on anti-refugee violence in Germany. Research & Politics, 3, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016679590 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bridges, F. S., Anzalone, D. A., Ryan, S. W., & Anzalone, F. L. (2002). Extensions of the lost letter technique to divisive issues of creationism, Darwinism, sex education, and gay and lesbian affiliations. Psychological Reports, 90, 391–400. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.391 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Brosig-Koch, J., Helbach, C., Ockenfels, A., & Weimann, J. (2011). Still different after all these years: Solidarity behavior in East and West Germany. Journal of Public Economics, 95, 1373–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.06.002 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Czymara, C. S., & Schmidt-Catran, A. W. (2016). Wer ist in Deutschland willkommen? [Who is welcome in Germany?] Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 68, 193–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-016-0361-x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Decker, O.Kiess, J.Brähler, E. (Eds.). (2016). Die enthemmte Mitte: Autoritäre und rechtsextreme Einstellung in Deutschland [The disinhibited middle class: Authoritarian and extreme right-wing attitude in Germany]. Gießen, Germany: Psychosozial-Verlag. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Decker, O., Kiess, J., Eggers, E., & Brähler, E. (2016). Die Mitte-Studie 2016: Methode, Ergebnisse und Langzeitverlauf [The Mitte-study 2016: Method, results, and longitudinal alignment]. In O. DeckerJ. KiessE. BrählerEds., Die enthemmte Mitte: Autoritäre und rechtsextreme Einstellung in Deutschland [The disinhibited middle class: Authoritarian and extreme right-wing attitude in Germany] (pp. 23–66). Gießen, Germany: Psychosozial-Verlag. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dorfman, R. (1938). A note on the delta-method for finding variance formulae. The Biometric Bulletin, 1, 129–137. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dostal, J. M. (2015). The Pegida movement and German political culture: Is right‐wing populism here to stay? The Political Quarterly, 86, 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12204 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017). The global refugee crisis: Empirical evidence and policy implications for improving public attitudes and facilitating refugee settlement. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11, 78–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12028 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. (2019). Aktuelle Zahlen zu Asyl: April 2019 [Current numbers regarding asylum: April 2019]. Berlin, Germany: BAMF. Retrieved from http://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Downloads/Infothek/Statistik/Asyl/aktuelle-zahlen-zu-asyl-april-2019.pdf?__blob=publicationFile First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hellmann, J. H., Berthold, A., Rees, J. H., & Hellmann, D. F. (2015). “A letter for Dr. Out-group:” On the effects of an indicator of competence and chances for altruism toward a member of a stigmatized out-group. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01422 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hopkins, N., Reicher, S., Harrison, K., Cassidy, C., Bull, R., & Levine, M. (2007). Helping to improve the group stereotype: On the strategic dimension of prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 776–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301023 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jäckle, S., & König, P. D. (2017). The dark side of the German “welcome culture”: Investigating the causes behind attacks on refugees in 2015. West European Politics, 40, 223–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2016.1215614 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jackson, C. (2011). Multi-state models for panel data: The msm package for R. Journal of Statistical Software, 38, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v038.i08 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Jacobsen, J., Eisnecker, P., & Schupp, J. (2017). In 2016, around one-third of people in Germany donated for refugees and ten percent helped out on site: Yet concerns are mounting. DIW Economic Bulletin, 7, 165–176. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Katz, D., & Allport, F. H. (1931). Student attitudes: A report of the Syracuse University research study. Syracuse, NY: Craftsman. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Klink, A., & Wagner, U. (1999). Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 402–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Koopmans, R., & Veit, S. (2014). Cooperation in ethnically diverse neighborhoods: A lost-letter experiment. Political Psychology, 35, 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12037 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Kotzur, P. F., Forsbach, N., & Wagner, U. (2017). Choose your words wisely: Stereotypes, emotions, and action tendencies towards fled people as a function of group label. Social Psychology, 48, 226–241. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000312 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Küpper, B., Schröter, F., & Zick, A. (2019). Alles nur ein Problem der Ostdeutschen oder Einheit in Wut und Hass? Rechtsextreme und menschenfeindliche Einstellungen in Ost- und Westdeutschland [Everything just a problem of East Germans or unity in anger and hatred? Extreme right-wing and misanthropic attitudes in East and West Germany]. In A. ZickB. KüpperW. BerghanEds., Verlorene Mitte - Feindselige Zustände: Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland 2018/19 [Lost middle class – hostile conditions: Extreme right-wing attitudes in Germany 2018/19] (pp. 243–282). Bonn, Germany: Dietz. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • LaPiere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 13, 230–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/2570339 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Merritt, C. B., & Fowler, R. G. (1948). The pecuniary honesty of the public at large. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061846 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Milgram, S., Mann, L., & Harter, S. (1965). The lost-letter technique: A tool of social research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29, 437–438. https://doi.org/10.1086/267344 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pearce, P. L., & Amato, P. R. (1980). A taxonomy of helping: A multidimensional scaling analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 363–371. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033956 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pittinsky, T. L., Rosenthal, S. A., & Montoya, R. M. (2011). Liking is not the opposite of disliking: The functional separability of positive and negative attitudes toward minority groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023806 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., Yom Tov, A., & Schmidt, P. (2004). Population size, perceived threat, and exclusion: A multiple-indicators analysis of attitudes toward foreigners in Germany. Social Science Research, 33, 681–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2003.11.003 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Siem, B., & Stürmer, S. (2019). Attribution of egoistic versus altruistic motives to acts of helping: The role of the helper’s status and the act’s intended publicity. Social Psychology, 50, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000360 First citation in articleLinkGoogle Scholar

  • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2012). A 21 word solution. Dialogue, 26, 4–12. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sola, A. (2018). The 2015 refugee crisis in Germany: Concerns about immigration and populism. Berlin, Germany: The German Socio-Economic Panel Study. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Statistisches Bundesamt (2018). Zahl der Ausländer in den Bundesländern laut Ausländerzentralregister (AZR) im Jahr 2018 [Number of foreigners in the federal states according to the central foreigner register]. Berlin, Germany: Statista. Retrieved from https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/71210/umfrage/auslaender-pro-bundesland/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Steblay, N. M. (1987). Helping behavior in rural and urban environments: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.346 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stürmer, S., Benbow, A. E. F., Siem, B., Barth, M., Bodansky, A. N., & Lotz-Schmitt, K. (2013). Psychological foundations of xenophilia: The role of major personality traits in predicting favorable attitudes towards cross-cultural contact and exploration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(5), 832–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217722555 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Stürmer, S., & Siem, B. (2017). A group-level theory of helping and altruism within and across group-boundaries. In E. van LeeuwenH. ZagefkaEds., Intergroup helping (pp. 103–127). New York, NY: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • van Leeuwen, E., & Täuber, S. (2010). The strategic side of outgroup helping. In S. StürmerM. SnyderEds., The psychology of prosocial behavior: Group processes, intergroup relations, and helping (pp. 81–99). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wagner, U., Christ, O., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Prejudice and group-related behavior in Germany. Journal of Social Issues, 64, 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00568.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wagner, U., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., Stellmacher, J., & Wolf, C. (2006). Prejudice and minority proportion: Contact instead of threat effects. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69, 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250606900406 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wagner, U., van Dick, R., Pettigrew, T. F., & Christ, O. (2003). Ethnic prejudice in East and West Germany: The explanatory power of intergroup contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001010 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Ward, C., & Geeraert, N. (2016). Advancing acculturation theory and research: The acculturation process in its ecological context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.021 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wicker, A. W. (1969). Attitudes versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00619.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Yendell, A., Decker, O., & Brähler, E. (2016). Wer unterstützt Pegida und was erklärt die Zustimmung zu den Zielen der Bewegung? [Who supports pegida and what can explain support for the goals of the movement?]. In O. DeckerJ. KiessE. BrählerEds., Die enthemmte Mitte: Autoritäre und rechtsextreme Einstellung in Deutschland [The disinhibited middle class: Authoritarian and extreme right-wing attitude in Germany] (pp. 137–152). Gießen, Germany: Psychosozial-Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar