Skip to main content
Article

Planning for a Job

The Trying Experience of Unemployment During the COVID-19 Crisis in Denmark

Published Online:https://doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000028

Abstract. Like most OECD countries, unemployed people in Denmark have been subject to activation policies imbued with rights and obligations for decades. However, during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, activation and conditionality were temporarily suspended. This article explores what happens to the experience of unemployment when part of the system is put on hold. Based on in-depth interviews conducted during the COVID-19 crisis with 25 unemployed people, we apply the theoretical framework of regimes of engagement developed by Laurent Thévenot to explore how unemployed people cope with and reflect on their situation. In doing so, we explore how the plans of the unemployed to find a job interact with or create tension between other engagements related to everyday life (family life, ideas about quality of life, etc.) as well as living up to the demands of public employment services. In this way, the suspension provides an opportunity to examine the effects of the active labor market programs through their absence.

Impact and Implications.

This article explores what happens to the experience of unemployment when part of the employment system is put on hold. By pointing to the effects on job search and everyday lives, the study relates to United Nations' SDG 3 (Sustainable Development Goal 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages) and SDG 8 (promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all).

References

  • Auray, N. (2010). Les technologies de l'information et le régime exploratoire [Information technologies and the regime of exploration]. In P. Van AndelD. Boursier (Eds.), La sérendipité dans les arts, les sciences et la decision [Serendipity in the arts, science, and management] (pp. 329–343). Hermann. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Baker, T., & Davis, C. (2018). Everyday resistance to workfare: Welfare beneficiary advocacy in Auckland, New Zealand. Social Policy and Society, 17(4), 535–546. 10.1017/S1474746417000306 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Beskæftigelsesministeriet. (2020, April 6). Bredt flertal sætter timekrav for folk på kontanthjælp på pause [Large majority puts hourly demands on people with social assistance on hold]. https://bm.dk/nyheder-presse/nyheder/2020/04/bredt-flertal-saetter-timekrav-for-folk-paa-kontanthjaelp-paa-pause/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Blokker, P. (2011). Pragmatic sociology: Theoretical evolvement and empirical application. European Journal of Social Theory, 14(3), 251–261. 10.1177/1368431011412344 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Blokker, P., & Brighenti, A. (2011). An interview with Laurent Thévenot: On engagement, critique, commonality, and power. European Journal of Social Theory, 14(3), 383–400. 10.1177/1368431011412351 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boland, T. (2015). Seeking a role: Disciplining jobseekers as actors in the labour market. Work, Employment and Society, 30(2), 334–351. 10.1177/0950017015594097 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boland, T., & Griffin, R. (2015). The sociology of unemployment. Manchester University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boland, T., & Griffin, R. (2016). Making sacrifices: How ungenerous gifts constitute jobseekers as scapegoats. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 17(2), 174–191. 10.1080/1600910x.2016.1198920 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Boland, T., & Griffin, R. (2021). Purgatory: The Ideal of Purifying Suffering. Bristol University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Boltanski, L., & Thévenot, L. (2006). On justification: Economies of worth. Princeton University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bonoli, G. (2013). The origins of active social policy. Oxford University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Carstensen, M. B., & Hansen, M. P. (2019). Legitimation as justification: Foregrounding public philosophies in explanations of gradual ideational change. European Journal of Political Research, 58(2), 582–602. 10.1111/1475-6765.12302 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Caswell, D., Marston, G., & Larsen, J. E. (2010). Unemployed citizen or ‘at risk’ client? Classification systems and employment services in Denmark and Australia. Critical Social Policy, 30(3), 384–404. 10.1177/0261018310367674 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Chen, V. T. (2015). Cut loose: Jobless and hopeless in an unfair economy. University of California Press. 10.1525/j.ctv1wxsxz First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Daguerre, A. (2007). Active labour market policies and welfare reform: Europe and the US in comparative perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dean, M. (1995). Governing the unemployed self in an active society. Economy and Society. 24(4), 559–583. 10.1080/0308514950000002 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Demazière, D. (2017). Qu'est-ce qu'une recherche « active » d'emploi? [What is an “active” job search?]. Travail Et Emploi, 51, 5–28. 10.4000/travailemploi.7670 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Demazière, D. (2020). Job search success among the formerly-unemployed: Paradoxically, a matter of self-discipline. Critical Policy Studies, 15(2), 192–208. 10.1080/19460171.2020.1746372 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Demazière, D., & Delpierre, A. (2020). Deliverable D1.4 interim report on user vision statement. HECAT. http://hecat.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HECAT-User-Vision-Statement.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Desiere, S., Langenbucher, K., & Struyven, L. (2019). Statistical profiling in public employment services: An international comparison. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 224, OECD Publishing. 10.1787/b5e5f16e-en First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Dwyer, P. (2010). Understanding social citizenship: Themes and perspectives for policy and practice (2nd ed.). Policy Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Eschweiler, J., & Pultz, S. (2021). Recognition struggles of young Danes under the work first paradigm: A study of restricted and generalised agency. Human Arenas. 10.1007/s42087-021-00200-7 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–78. Palgrave Macmillan. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fryer, D. (2019). Applied social psychologies, the neoliberal labour-market subject and critique. In K. C. O'DohertyD. Hodgetts (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of applied social psychology (pp. 278–296). SAGE Publications. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Garsten, C., & Jacobsson, K. (2004). Learning to be employable: New agendas on work, responsibility and learning in a globalizing world. Palgrave Macmillan. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Garsten, C., Jacobsson, K., & Sztandar-Sztanderska, K. (2016). Negotiating social citizenship at the street-level: Local activation policies and individualization in Sweden and Poland. In M. HeidenreichD. Rice (Eds.), Integrating social and employment policies in Europe: Active inclusion and challenges for local welfare governance (pp. 265–293). Edward Elgar. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hansen, M. P. (2016). Non-normative critique: Foucault and pragmatic sociology as tactical re-politicization. European Journal of Social Theory, 19(1), 127–145. 10.1177/1368431014562705 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Hansen, M. P. (2019). The moral economy of activation: Ideas, politics and policies. Policy Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hansen, M. P., & Leschke, J. (2017). The strange non-death of ALMPs. In J. O'ReillyC. MoyartT. NazioM. Smith (Eds.), Youth unemployment: STYLE handbook (pp. 235–237). Policy Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hansen, M. P., Nielsen, M. H., & Korsbæk Sørensen, P. (2016). Samtaler med Laurent Thévenot: Om kategorier, feltarbejde og sociologisk nysgerrighed [Conversations with Laurent Thévenot: About categories, fieldwork and sociological curiosity]. In M. P. Hansen (Ed.), Laurent Thévenot: Engagementsregimer [Laurent Thévenot: Regimes of engagement] (pp. 262–292). Hans Reitzels Forlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jahoda, M. (1982). Employment and Unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. CUP Archive. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • J. F. GubriumJ. A. Holstein (Eds.), (2001) Handbook of interview research, context & method. Sage Publications. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Lazzarato, M. (2012). The making of indebted man: An essay on the neoliberal condition. Semiotext(e). First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lessenich, S. (2011). Constructing the socialized self: Mobilization and control in the ‘active society’. In U. BröcklingS. KrasmannT. Lemke (Eds.), Governmentality: Current issues and future challenges (pp. 304–321). Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Luhtakallio, E., & Tavory, I. (2018). Patterns of engagement: Identities and social movement organizations in Finland and Malawi. Theory and Society, 47(2), 151–174. 10.1007/s11186-018-9314-x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • McDonald, C., & Marston, G. (2005). Workfare as welfare: Governing unemployment in the advanced liberal state. Critical Social Policy, 25(3), 374–401. 10.1177/0261018305054077 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nielsen, M. H. (2015). Acting on welfare state retrenchment: In-between the private and the public. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 11(12), 756–771. 10.1108/IJSSP-11-2014-0105 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nielsen, M. H. (2018). Four normative languages of welfare: A pragmatic sociological investigation. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 19(1), 47–67. 10.1080/1600910X.2017.1412336 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Nielsen, M. H. (2021). Money, competences or behaviour? On the many worths of the unemployed. European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology, 8(2), 124–150. 10.1080/23254823.2020.1860785 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Patrick, R. (2016). Living with and responding to the ‘scrounger’ narrative in the UK: Exploring everyday strategies of acceptance, resistance and deflection. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 24(3), 245–259. 10.1332/175982716X14721954314887 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S. (2016). Governing homo economicus: Risk management among young unemployed people in the Danish welfare state. Health, Risk & Society, 18(3–4), 168–187. 10.1080/13698575.2016.1190003 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S. (2017). It's not you, it's me: Governing the unemployed self in the Danish welfare state. Copenhagen University. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S. (2018). Shame and passion: The affective governing of young unemployed people. Theory & Psychology, 28(3), 358–381. 10.1177/0959354318759608 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S. (2021). At netværke i modvind: en kvalitativ udforskning af følelsesarbejdet involveret i networking for unge arbejdsløse [Networking against the wind – A qualitative exploration of the emotional labour involved in networking among young unemployed people]. Norsk Sosiologisk Tidsskrift, 5(1), 23–37. 10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2021-01-0 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S., & Mørch, S. (2015). Unemployed by choice: Young creative people and the balancing of responsibilities through strategic self-management. Journal of Youth Studies, 18(10), 1382–1401. 10.1080/13676261.2014.992318 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S., & Sharone, O. (2020). The intimate dance of networking: A comparative study of the emotional labor of young American and Danish jobseekers. In E. H. GormanS. P. Vallas (Eds.), Professional work: Knowledge, power and social inequalities (Research on the sociology of work) (Vol. 34, pp. 33–58). Emerald Group Publishing. 10.1108/S0277-283320200000034006 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Pultz, S., & Teasdale, T. W. (2017). Unemployment and subjective well-being: Comparing younger and older job seekers. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 2(1), Article 10. 10.16993/sjwop.32 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Salais, R., Baverez, N., & Reynaud, B. (1986). L'invention du chômage: Histoire et transformations d'une catégorie en France des années 1890 aux années 1980 [The invention of unemployment: History and transformations of a category in France from 1890 to 1980]. Presses Universitaires de France. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sharone, O. (2013). Flawed system/flawed self: Job searching and unemployment experiences. University of Chicago Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Skocpol, T., & Pierson, P. (2002). Historical institutionalism in contemporary political science. In I. KatznelsonH. Milner (Eds.), Political science: State of the discipline (pp. 693–721). W.W. Norton. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Smith, M., Villa, P., Leschke, J., & Russell, H. (2018). Stressed economies, distressed policies, and distraught young people: European policies and outcomes from a youth perspective. In J. O'ReillyJ. LeschkeR. OrtliebM. Seeleib-KaiserP. Villa (Eds.), Youth labor in transition. Oxford University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2001a). Organized complexity: Conventions of coordination and the composition of economic arrangements. European Journal of Social Theory, 4(4), 405–425. 10.1177/13684310122225235 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2001b). Pragmatic regimes governing the engagement with the world. In K. Knorr CetinaT. R. SchatzkiE. von Savigny (Eds.), The practice turn in contemporary theory (pp. 56–73). Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2002). Which road to follow? The moral complexity of an ‘equipped’ humanity. In J. LawA. Mol (Eds.), Complexities: Social studies of knowledge practices (pp. 53–87). Duke University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2006). L'action au pluriel: Sociologie des régimes d'engagement [Action in the plural: Sociology of regimes of engagement]. Éditions La Découverte. 10.4000/questionsdecommunication.7790 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2007). The plurality of cognitive formats and engagements: Moving between the familiar and the public. European Journal of Social Theory, 10(3), 409–423. 10.1177/1368431007080703 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2010). Métamorphose des évaluations autorisées et de leurs critiques [Transformation of official evaluations and their criticisms]. In G. LarquierO. FavereauA. Guiradello (Eds.), Les conventions dans l'économie en crise [Economic conventions in crisis]. La Découverte. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2011a). Grand résumé de L'action au pluriel: Sociologie des regimes d'engagement [Large summary of action in the plural: Sociology of regimes of engagement]. SociologieS. 10.4000/sociologies.3572 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Thévenot, L. (2011b). Power and oppression from the perspective of the sociology of engagements: A comparison with Bourdieu's and Dewey's critical approaches to practical activities. Irish Journal of Sociology, 19(1), 35–67. 10.7227/IJS.19.1.3 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Turrini, A., Koltay, G., Pierini, F., Goffard, C., & Kiss, A. (2015). A decade of labour market reforms in the EU: Insights from the LABREF database. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 4(1), 1–33. 10.1186/s40173-015-0038-5 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Vallas, S. P., & Cummins, E. R. (2015). Personal branding and identity norms in the popular business press: Enterprise culture in an age of precarity. Organization Studies, 36(3), 293–319. 10.1177/0170840614563741 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • van Berkel, R., de Graaf, W., & Sirovatkas, T. (2012). Governance of the activation policies in Europe. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 32(5), 260–272. 10.1108/01443331211236943 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Walters, W. (1997). The ‘Active Society’: New designs for social policy. Policy and Politics, 25(3), 221–234. 10.1332/030557397782453264 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Walters, W. (2000). Unemployment and government: Genealogies of the social. Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Wanberg, C. R., & Marchese, M. C. (1994). Heterogeneity in the unemployment experience: A cluster analytic investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(6), 473–488. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00594.x First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Watson, S. (2015). Does welfare conditionality reduce democratic participation? Comparative Political Studies, 48(5), 645–686. 10.1177/0010414014556043 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Whelan, J. (2021). We have our dignity, yeah? Scrutiny under suspicion: Experiences of welfare conditionality in the Irish social protection system. Social Policy & Administration, 55(1), 34–50. 10.1111/spol.12610 First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar

  • Zimmermann, B. (2001). La constitution du chômage en Allemagne: Entre professions et territoires [The creation of unemployment in Germany: Between professions and territories]. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. First citation in articleCrossrefGoogle Scholar