Abstract
Abstract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder which affects the gastrointestinal tract. Many factors, such as genetics, stress, and dietary patterns have been related to the risk of this disease. Adherence to a prudent/healthy dietary pattern, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, help to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases such as IBD. The results from previous studies regarding the association between dietary patterns and risk of IBD, including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are inconsistent. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the potential relations between dietary patterns and risk of CD and UC. PubMed and Scopus were searched up to October 2017 for eligible studies. Random-effects or fixed-effects models were used to pool the estimated risks for the highest versus the lowest category of extracted dietary patterns. A total of six studies, including four case-control and two cohort studies with 1099 cases and 263112 controls/participants were included in the meta-analysis. A decreased risk of CD was seen for the highest compared with the lowest categories of healthy dietary pattern (OR/RR = 0.39, 95%CI = 0.16–0.62), while no significant association with western dietary pattern was observed (OR/RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.51–1.04). Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between healthy (OR/RR = 0.61, 95%CI = 0.04–1.18, random effects) and western/unhealthy (OR/RR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.67–1.26) dietary patterns and risk of UC. The results of the current meta-analysis showed that a healthy dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of CD. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
References
1 (2015) Oral diets and nutrition support for inflammatory bowel disease what is the evidence? Nutr Clin Pract. 30, 462–473.
2 (2015) Interactions between diet, bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Dis. 33, 351–356.
3 (2014) Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Genet Mol Res. 13, 2598–2610.
4 (2014) Prevalence of a gluten free diet and improvement of clinical symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 20, 1194.
5 (2014) Diet, gut microbes, and genetics in immune function: can we leverage our current knowledge to achieve better outcomes in inflammatory bowel diseases? Curr Opin Immunol. 31, 16–23.
6 (2015) Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases: a review. Dig Dis Sci. 60, 290–298.
7 (2016) Influence of environmental factors in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 7, 112.
8 (2014) Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: focus on Asia. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 28, 363–372.
9 (2015) The specific carbohydrate diet for inflammatory bowel disease: A case series. J Acad Nutr Diet. 115, 1226–1232.
10 (2015) Diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 148, 1087–1106.
11 (1998) “Modern life” in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study with special emphasis on nutritional factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10, 243–250.
12 (2009) Dietary habits of patients with inflammatory bowel disease-a short report. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 59.
13 (2007) Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for Crohn’s disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol. 102, 2016–2025.
14 (2014) Detailed assessment of nutritional status and eating patterns in children with gastrointestinal diseases attending an outpatients clinic and contemporary healthy controls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 68.
15 (2012) Role of nutrition and microbiota in susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res. 56, 524–535.
16 (2010) Pre-illness changes in dietary habits and diet as a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. World J Gastroenterol. 16, 4297–4304.
17 (2005) Personal view: food for thought – western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. The FODMAP hypothesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 21, 1399–1409.
18 (2004) Influence of dietary factors on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 53, 1479–1484.
19 (2010) Animal protein intake and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: The E3 N prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 105, 2195–2201.
20 (2015) Dietary fiber intake reduces risk of inflammatory bowel disease: result from a meta-analysis. Nutrition Research. 35, 753–758.
21 (2004) Intake of dietary iron is low in patients with Crohn’s disease: a case-control study. Br J Nutr. 91, 141–148.
22 (2013) Nutritional modulators of ulcerative colitis: clinical efficacies and mechanistic view. World J Gastroenterol. 19, 994–1004.
23 (2011) Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study based on a Danish inception cohort. J Crohns Colitis. 5, 577–584.
24 (2015) Antioxidant therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Does it work? Redox Biol. 6, 617–639.
25 (2010) Role of diet in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 16, 137–151.
26 (2014) Joint association of genome-wide association study – identified susceptibility loci and dietary patterns in risk of renal cell carcinoma among non-Hispanic whites. Am J Epidemiol. 180, 499–507.
27 (2014) Dietary patterns and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 110, 2785–2795.
28 (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA. 283, 2008–2012.
29 (2000) The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses.
30 (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 21, 1539–1558.
31 (2012) MTHFR 677C > T and 1298A > C polymorphisms and male infertility risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep. 39, 1997–2002.
32 (1994) Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1088–1101.
33 (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315, 629–634.
34 (2002) Western refined dietary pattern is associated with risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
35 (2008) Dietary patterns and risk for Crohn’s disease in children. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 14, 367–373.
36 (2014) P-028 dietary patterns and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 20, S36–S37.
37 (2015) High school diet and risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 21, 2311–2319.
38 (2016) Dietary patterns and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in Europe: Results from the EPIC study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 22, 345–354.
39 (2006) Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a co-twin control study of a Swedish-Danish twin population. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 12, 925–933.
40 (2006) Relationship between nutritional habits adopted by ulcerative colitis relevant to cancer development patients at clinical remission stages and molecular-genetic parameters. Br J Nutr. 95, 188–195.
41 (2016) Bioactivity of polyphenols: preventive and adjuvant strategies toward reducing inflammatory bowel diseases – promises, perspectives, and pitfalls. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016.
42 (2014) Fiber in the treatment and maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 20, 576–586.
43 (2011) Effects of carotenoids and retinoids on immune-mediated chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Degenerative Disease Prevention. 213–233.
44 (2008) Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 134, 577–594.
