Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Review

The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of central obesity in adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Published Online:March 04, 2020https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000648

Abstract

Abstract.Backgrounds: Central obesity, as a pivotal component of metabolic syndrome is associated with numerous co-morbidities. Dietary factors influence central obesity by increased inflammatory status. However, recent studies didn’t evaluate the association between central obesity and dietary inflammation index (DII®) that give score to dietary factors according to their inflammatory potential. In the current systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarized the studies that investigated the association between DII® with central obesity indices in the general populations. Methods: In a systematic search from PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences and Cochrane electronic databases, we collected relevant studies written in English and published until 30 October 2019. The population of included studies were apparently healthy subjects or individuals with obesity or obesity-related diseases. Observational studies that evaluated the association between DII® and indices of central obesity including WC or WHR were included. Results: Totally thirty-two studies were included; thirty studies were cross-sectional and two were cohort studies with 103071 participants. Meta-analysis of observational studies showed that higher DII® scores were associated with 1.81 cm increase in WC (Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.813; CI: 0.785–2.841; p = 0.001). Also, a non-significant increase in the odds of having higher WC (OR = 1.162; CI: 0.95–1.43; p = 0.154) in the highest DII category was also observed. In subgroup analysis, the continent, dietary assessment tool and gender were the heterogeneity sources. Conclusion: The findings proposed that adherence to diets with high DII® scores was associated with increased WC. Further studies with interventional designs are necessary to elucidate the causality inference between DII® and central obesity indices.

References

  • 1 Keibel, A, Singh, V, Sharma, MC. Inflammation, microenvironment, and the immune system in cancer progression. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(17):1949–55. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 2 Pearson, TA, Mensah, GA, Alexander, RW, Anderson, JL, Cannon, RO III, Criqui, M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107(3):499–511. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 3 Festa, A, D’Agostino, R Jr, Howard, G, Mykkanen, L, Tracy, RP, Haffner, SM. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation. 2000;102(1):42–7. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 4 McCarty, MF. Interleukin-6 as a central mediator of cardiovascular risk associated with chronic inflammation, smoking, diabetes, and visceral obesity: down-regulation with essential fatty acids, ethanol and pentoxifylline. Med. Hypotheses. 1999;52(5):465–77. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 5 Heilbronn, LK, Campbell, LV. Adipose tissue macrophages, low grade inflammation and insulin resistance in human obesity. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14(12):1225–30. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 6 Mathieu, P, Poirier, P, Pibarot, P, Lemieux, I, Després, JP. Visceral obesity: the link among inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Hypertension. 2009;53(4):577–84. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 7 Kankaanpaa, M, Lehto, HR, Parkka, JP. Myocardial triglyceride content and epicardial fat mass in human obesity: relationship to left ventricular function and serum free fatty acid levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4689–95. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 8 Fujioka, S, Matsuzawa, Y, Tokunaga, K, Tarui, S. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism. 1987;36(1):54–9. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 9 Ramallal, R, Toledo, E, Martinez-Gonzalez, MA, Hernandez-Hernandez, A, Garcia-Arellano, A, Shivappa, N, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and incidence of cardiovascular disease in the SUN Cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0135221. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 10 O’Neil, A, Shivappa, N, Jacka, FN, Kotowicz, MA, Kibbey, K, Hebert, JR, et al. Pro-inflammatory dietary intake as a risk factor for CVD in men: a 5-year longitudinal study. Br J Nutr. 2015;114(12):2074–82. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 11 Cavicchia, PP, Steck, SE, Hurley, TG, Hussey, JR, Ma, Y, Ockene, IS, et al. A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J Nutr. 2009;139(12):2365–72. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 12 Shivappa, N, Godos, J, Hébert, JR, Wirth, MD, Piuri, G, Speciani, AF, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular risk and mortality-A meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):E1043. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 13 Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Marcos, A. Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(6):10–2. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 14 Phillips, CM, Shivappa, N, Hébert, JR. Dietary inflammatory index and biomarkers of lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation and glucose homeostasis in adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):1033–6. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 15 Farhangi, MA, Najafi, M. Dietary inflammatory index: a potent association with cardiovascular risk factors among patients candidate for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Nutr. J. 2018;17(1):20. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 16 Zamora-Ros, R, Shivappa, N, Steck, SE, Canzian, F, Landi, S, Alonso, MH, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory gene interactions in relation to colorectal cancer risk in the Bellvitge colorectal cancer case-control study. Genes Nutr. 2015;10(1):447. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 17 Zheng, J, Merchant, AT, Wirth, MD, Zhang, J, Antwi, SO, Shoaibi, A, et al. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of pancreatic cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2461–70. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 18 Zheng, J, Tabung, FK, Zhang, J, Liese, AD, Shivappa, N, Ockene, JK, et al. Association between Post-Cancer Diagnosis Dietary Inflammatory Potential and Mortality among Invasive Breast Cancer Survivors in the Women’s Health Initiative. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018;27(4):454–63. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 19 Zucchetto, A, Serraino, D, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Stocco, C, Puppo, A, et al. Dietary inflammatory index before diagnosis and survival in an Italian cohort of women with breast cancer. Br J Nutr. 2017;117(10):1456–62. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 20 Vahid, F, Shivappa, N, Hatami, M, Sadeghi, M, Ameri, F, Jamshidi Naeini, Y, et al. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Risk of Breast Cancer: a Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(5):1215–21. First citation in articleMedline, Google Scholar

  • 21 Sokol, A, Wirth, MD, Manczuk, M, Shivappa, N, Zatonska, K, Hurley, TG, et al. Association between the dietary inflammatory index, waist-to-hip ratio and metabolic syndrome. Nutr. Res. 2016;36(11):1298–303. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 22 Ren, Z, Zhao, A, Wang, Y, Meng, L, Szeto, IM, Li, T, et al. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index, C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome. A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):831. doi: 10.3390/nu10070831. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 23 Frith, E, Shivappa, N, Mann, JR, Hebert, JR, Wirth, MD, Loprinzi, PD. Dietary inflammatory index and memory function: population-based national sample of elderly Americans. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(5):552–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 24 Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Rashidkhani, B, Ghanavati, M. Inflammatory potential of diet is associated with increased odds of cataract in a case-control study from Iran. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018;87(1–2):17–24. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • 25 Shivappa, N, Godos, J, Hebert, JR, Wirth, MD, Piuri, G, Speciani, AF, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and colorectal cancer risk-a meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1043. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 26 Zahedi, H, Djalalinia, S, Sadeghi, O, Asayesh, H, Noroozi, M, Gorabi, AM, et al. Dietary inflammatory potential score and risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Breast Cancer. 2018;18(4):e561–70. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 27 Wang, L, Liu, C, Zhou, C, Zhuang, J, Tang, S, Yu, J, et al. Meta-analysis of the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and breast cancer risk. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;73(4):509–17. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 28 Steck, SE, Guinter, M, Zheng, J, Thomson, CA. Index-based dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2015;6(6):763–73. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 29 Zhong, X, Guo, L, Zhang, L, Li, Y, He, R, Cheng, G. Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of cardiovascular disease or mortality: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep. 2017;7(1):6367. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 30 Namazi, N, Larijani, B, Azadbakht, L. Dietary inflammatory index and its association with the risk of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50(5):345–58. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 31 Abbasalizad, MF, Vajdi, M, Nikniaz, L, Nikniaz, Z. The interaction between dietary inflammatory index and 6 P21 rs2010963 gene variants in metabolic syndrome. Eat Weight Disord. 2019;13:1–12. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • 32 Varkaneh, HK, Fatahi, S, Tajik, S, Rahmani, J, Zarezadeh, M, Shab-Bidar, S. Dietary inflammatory index in relation to obesity and body mass index: a meta-analysis. Nutr Food Sci. 2018;48(5):702–21. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 33 Garcia-Arellano, A, Martínez-González, MA, Ramallal, R, Salas-Salvadó, J, Hébert, JR, Corella, D, et al.. SUN and PREDIMED Study Investigators. Dietary inflammatory index and all-cause mortality in large cohorts: The SUN and PREDIMED studies. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(3):1221–31. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 34 Okada, E, Shirakawa, T, Shivappa, N, Wakai, K, Suzuki, K, Date, C, et al. Dietary inflammatory index is associated with risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality but not with cancer mortality in middle-aged and older Japanese adults. J Nutr. 2019;149(8):1451–9. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz085. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 35 Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–9. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 36 Beller, EM, Glasziou, PP, Altman, DG, Hopewell, S, Bastian, H, Chalmers, I, et al. PRISMA for abstracts: reporting systematic reviews in journal and conference abstracts. PLoS Med. 2013;10(4):e1001419. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 37 Wells, G.The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non randomised studies in meta-analyses. 2001. Available from: Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • 38 Higgins, JP, Thompson, SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539–58. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 39 Açik, M, Çakiroğlu, FP. Evaluating the relationship between inflammatory load of a diet and depression in young adults. Ecol Food Nutr. 2019;58(4):366–7. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 40 Guinter, MA, Merchant, AT, Tabung, FK, Wirth, MD, Shivappa, N, Hurley, TG, et al. Adiposity does not modify the effect of the dietary inflammatory potential on type 2 diabetes incidence among a prospective cohort of men. J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab. 2019;16:100095. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 41 Meneguelli, TS, Hinkelmann, JV, de Novaes, JF, Rosa, CDOB, Filgueiras, MDS, Silveira, BKS, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index is Associated with Excessive Body Weight and Dietary Patterns in Subjects with Cardiometabolic Risk. J Food Nutr Res. 2019;7(7):491–9. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 42 Na, W, Yu, TY, Sohn, C. Development of a food-based index of dietary inflammatory potential for Koreans and its relationship with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res Pract. 2019;13(2):150–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 43 Nilsson, A, Halvardsson, P, Kadi, F. Adherence to DASH-style dietary pattern impacts on adiponectin and clustered metabolic risk in older women. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):805. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 44 Shakeri, Z, Mirmiran, P, Khalili-Moghadam, S, Hosseini-Esfahani, F, Ataie-Jafari, A, Azizi, F. Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11(1):16. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 45 Mtintsilana, A, Micklesfield, LK, Chorell, E, Olsson, T, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, et al. Adiposity Mediates the Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and markers of type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged black South African women. Nutrients. 2019;11(6):1246–1250. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 46 Muhammad, HFL, Van Baak, MA, Mariman, EC, Sulistyoningrum, DC, Huriyati, E, Lee, YY, et al. Dietary inflammatory index score and its association with body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and leptin in indonesian adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):148–152. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 47 Mirmajidi, S, Izadi, A, Saghafi-Asl, M, Vahid, F, Karamzad, N, Amiri, P, et al. Inflammatory potential of diet: association with chemerin, omentin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and insulin resistance in the apparently healthy obese. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019;38(4):302–10. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 48 Agraib, LM, Azab, M, Al-Shudifat, AE, Allehdan, SS, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and odds of coronary artery disease in a case-control study from Jordan. Nutrition. 2019;63:98–105. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 49 Abdurahman, AA, Azadbakht, L, Rasouli, M, Chamari, M, Qorbani, M, Dorosty, AR. Association of dietary inflammatory index with metabolic profile in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese people. Nutr Diet. 2018;76(2):192–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 50 Wirth, MD, Sevoyan, M, Hofseth, L, Shivappa, N, Hurley, TG, Hebert, JR. The dietary inflammatory index is associated with elevated white blood cell counts in the national health and nutrition examination survey. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;69:296–303. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 51 Shivappa, N, Bonaccio, M, Hebert, JR, Di Castelnuovo, A, Costanzo, S, Ruggiero, E, et al. Association of proinflammatory diet with low-grade inflammation: results from the Moli-sani study. Nutrition. 2018;54:182–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 52 San, KMM, Fahmida, U, Wijaksono, F, Lin, H, Zaw, KK, Htet, MK. Chronic low grade inflammation measured by dietary inflammatory index and its association with obesity among school teachers in Yangon. Myanmar. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(1):92–8. doi: 10.6133/apjcn.042017.06. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 53 Phillips, CM, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Perry, IJ. Dietary inflammatory index and biomarkers of lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation and glucose homeostasis in adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):1033–1035. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 54 Park, YM, Choi, MK, Lee, SS, Shivappa, N, Han, K, Steck, SE, et al. Dietary inflammatory potential and risk of mortality in metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes among overweight and obese adults. Clin Nutr. 2018;38(2):682–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 55 Nikniaz, L, Nikniaz, Z, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR. The association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome components in Iranian adults. Prim. Care Diabetes. 2018;12(5):467–72. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 56 Mazidi, M, Shivappa, N, Wirth, MD, Hebert, JR, Mikhailidis, DP, Kengne, AP, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiometabolic risk in US adults. Atherosclerosis. 2018;276:23–7. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 57 Kim, Y, Chen, J, Wirth, MD, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR. Lower dietary inflammatory index scores are associated with lower glycemic index scores among college students. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):182. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 58 Kim, HY, Lee, J, Kim, J. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Metabolic Syndrome in the General Korean Population. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):648–653. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 59 Denova-Gutierrez, E, Munoz-Aguirre, P, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Tolentino-Mayo, L, Batis, C, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: The Diabetes Mellitus Survey of Mexico City. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):385. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 60 Alam, I, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Pawelec, G, Larbi, A. Relationships between the inflammatory potential of the diet, aging and anthropometric measurements in a cross-sectional study in Pakistan. Nutr Health Aging. 2018;4(4):335–43. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 61 Vahid, F, Shivappa, N, Karamati, M, Naeini, AJ, Hebert, JR, Davoodi, SH. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and risk of prediabetes: a case-control study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(4):399–404. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 62 Naja, F, Shivappa, N, Nasreddine, L, Kharroubi, S, Itani, L, Hwalla, N, et al. Role of inflammation in the association between the western dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome among Lebanese adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(8):997–1004. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 63 Camargo-Ramos, CM, Correa-Bautista, JE, Correa-Rodríguez, M, Ramírez-Vélez, R. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiometabolic risk parameters in overweight and sedentary subjects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(10):1104. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 64 Agudo, A, Masegu, R, Bonet, C, Jakszyn, P, Quiros, JR, Ardanaz, E, et al. Inflammatory potential of the diet and mortality in the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(8):1600649. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 65 Wirth, MD, Hébert, JR, Shivappa, N, Hand, GA, Hurley, TG, Drenowatz, C, et al. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Inflammatory Index scores are associated with healthier scores on other dietary indices. Nutr. Res. 2016;36(3):214–9. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 66 Shivappa, N, Blair, CK, Prizment, AE, Jacobs, DR, Steck, SE, Hebert, JR. Association between inflammatory potential of diet and mortality in the Iowa Women’s Health study. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(4):1491–502. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 67 Georgousopoulou, EN, Kouli, GM, Panagiotakos, DB, Kalogeropoulou, A, Zana, A, Chrysohoou, C, et al. Anti-inflammatory diet and 10-year (2002–2012) cardiovascular disease incidence: The ATTICA study. Int J Cardiol. 2016;222:473–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 68 Ruiz-Canela, M, Zazpe, I, Shivappa, N, Hebert, JR, Sanchez-Tainta, A, Corella, D, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea) trial. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(6):984–95. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 69 Garcia-Arellano, A, Ramallal, R, Ruiz-Canela, M, Salas-Salvadó, J, Corella, D, Shivappa, N, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Study. Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4124–38. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 70 Wirth, MD, Burch, J, Shivappa, N, Violanti, JM, Burchfiel, CM, Fekedulegn, D, et al. Association of a dietary inflammatory index with inflammatory indices and metabolic syndrome among police officers. J Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(9):986–9. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 71 Alkerwi, A, Shivappa, N, Crichton, G, Hebert, JR. No significant independent relationships with cardiometabolic biomarkers were detected in the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg study population. Nutr Res. 2014;34(12):1058–65. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 72 Farhangi, MA, Najafi, M. Empirically developed dietary inflammatory potential (EDIP) in patients candidate for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG): Association with metabolic parameters, dietary antioxidant quality score and dietary phytochemical index. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0208711. First citation in articleMedline, Google Scholar

  • 73 Kord Varkaneh, H, Fatahi, S, Tajik, S, Rahmani, J, Zarezadeh, M, Shab-Bidar, S. Dietary inflammatory index in relation to obesity and body mass index: a meta-analysis. Nutr Food Sci. 2018;48(5):702–21. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 74 Westphal, SA. Obesity, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance. Clin Cornerstone. 2008;9(1):23–9. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 75 Shields, M, Tremblay, MS, Connor Gorber, S, Janssen, I. Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Rep. 2012;23(2):7–15. First citation in articleMedline, Google Scholar

  • 76 Papaetis, GS, Papakyriakou, P, Panagiotou, TN. Central obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin: exploring a pathway full of thorns. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(3):463–82. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 77 Hermsdorff, HH, Zulet, MA, Puchau, B. Central adiposity rather than total adiposity measurements are specifically involved in the inflammatory status from healthy young adults. Inflammation. 2011;34:161–70. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 78 Jin, C, Flavell, RA. Innate sensors of pathogen and stress: linking inflammation to obesity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(2):287–94. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 79 Engström, G, Hedblad, B, Stavenow, L, Lind, P, Janzon, L, Lindgärde, F. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain. Diabetes. 2003;52(8):2097–101. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 80 Julia, C, Meunier, N, Touvier, M, Ahluwalia, N, Sapin, V, Papet, I, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of elevated C-reactive protein concentrations 12 years later. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(4):747–54. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 81 Nettleton, JA, Steffen, LM, Mayer-Davis, EJ, Jenny, NS, Jiang, R, Herrington, DM, et al. Dietary patterns are associated with biochemical markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(6):1369–79. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 82 Ma, Y, Griffith, JA, Chasan-Taber, L, Olendzki, BC, Jackson, E, Stanek, EJ III, et al. Association between dietary fiber and serum C-reactive protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(4):760–6. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 83 de Oliveira Otto, MC, Alonso, A, Lee, DH, Delclos, GL, Jenny, NS, Jiang, R, et al. Dietary micronutrient intakes are associated with markers of inflammation but not with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. J Nutr. 2011;141(8):1508–15. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 84 Salas-Salvado, J, Bullo, M, Garcia-Lorda, P, Figueredo, R, Del Castillo, D, Bonada, A, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue cytokine production is not responsible for the restoration of systemic inflammation markers during weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(12):1714–20. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 85 Chassaing, B, Gewirtz, AT. Gut microbiota, low-grade inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Toxicol Pathol. 2014;42(1):49–53. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 86 Wu, GD, Chen, J, Hoffmann, C, Bittinger, K, Chen, YY, Keilbaugh, SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334(6052):105–8. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 87 Wensveen, FM, Jelenčić, V, Valentić, S, Šestan, M, Wensveen, TT, Theurich, S, et al. NK cells link obesity-induced adipose stress to inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(4):376–380. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 88 Ferreira, ST, Clarke, JR, Bomfim, TR, De Felice, FG. Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10:S76–83. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 89 Kenđel Jovanović, G, Pavičić Žeželj, S, Klobučar Majanović, S, Mrakovcic-Sutic, I, Šutić, I. Metabolic syndrome and its association with the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)® in a Croatian working population. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020;33(1):128–37. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 90 Ramallal, R, Toledo, E, Martínez, JA, Shivappa, N, Hébert, JR, Martínez-González, MA, et al. Inflammatory potential of diet, weight gain, and incidence of overweight/obesity: The SUN cohort. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017;25(6):997–1005. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar

  • 91 Mueller, M, Hobiger, S, Jungbauer, A. Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from fruits, herbs and spices. Food Chem. 2010;122(4):987–96. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • 92 Shim, JS, Oh, K, Kim, HC. Dietary assessment methods in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:1–8. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar