Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Übersichtsarbeit

Der Zusammenhang zwischen Sucht und Schlaf: „legale“ Drogen

Published Online:February 25, 2013https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000227

Abstract

Fragestellung: Ziel ist die Darstellung der Schlafbeeinflussung durch die weit verbreiteten „Alltagsdrogen“ Koffein, Alkohol und Nikotin. Ergebnisse: Während Koffein und Nikotin als stimulierende Substanzen schlafinhibierende Effekte haben, überwiegen beim Alkohol die schlafinduzierenden Wirkungen. Im Nikotin- und Alkoholentzug sind insomnische Beschwerden häufige Symptome, die Einfluss auf die Abstinenzerwartung nehmen können. Dabei scheinen sich Substanzkonsum, insomnische und depressive Symptome wechselseitig zu beeinflussen. Aber auch periodische Beinbewegungen oder schlafassoziierte Atmungsstörungen können die Schlafqualität reduzieren. Beeinträchtigte Schlafqualität wiederum geht mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Depression und Substanzkonsum einher. Schlussfolgerung: Schlafstörungen bei Alkohol- und Tabakabhängigkeit sollten deshalb frühzeitig erkannt und behandelt werden. Das Fehlen prospektiver Interventionsstudien erschwert die Beurteilung des Einflusses einer Therapie der Schlafstörungen auf Abstinenz und psychiatrische Komorbidität.


The Relationship Between Addiction and Sleep: Legal Drugs”

Aim: We will give an overview how caffeine, alcohol and nicotine as widely used substances affect sleep. Results: Whereas nicotine and caffeine as activating substances result in insomnia-like symptoms, alcohol induces sleep. During alcohol and nicotine withdrawal, insomnia-like symptoms are frequent and increase the risk of relapse after initial abstinence. There is a strong relationship between substance abuse, depression and the risk of relapse. Furthermore periodic limb movements and sleep associated breathing abnormalities may reduce sleep quality. Reduced sleep quality may result in reduced day time well-being and an elevated risk for depression and substance abuse. Conclusion: Sleep disturbances in alcohol and tobacco dependence have to be addressed carefully. More prospective studies about the influence of sleep promoting interventions on abstinence and psychiatric comorbidity are needed.

Literatur

  • Adamson, J. , Burdick, J. A. (1973). Sleep of dry alcoholics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 146 – 149. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aguayo, L. G. , Peoples, R. W. , Yeh, H. H. , Yevenes, G. E. (2002). GABA(A) receptors as a molecular sites of ethanol action. Direct or indirect actions? Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2, 869 – 885. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aldrich, M. S. , Brower, K. J. , Hall, J. M. (1999). Sleep-disordered breathing in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 134 – 140. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Allen, R. P. , Wagman, A. M. , Funderburk, F. R. (1977). Slow wave sleep changes: Alcohol tolerance and treatment implications. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 85 A, 629 – 640. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2005). International classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual (2nd ed.). Westchester, IL: Author. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ancoli-Israel, S. , Roth, T. (1999). Characteristics of insomnia in the United States: Results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey. Sleep, 22(Suppl. 2), 347 – 353. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Arnedt, J. T. , Conroy, D. A. , Brower, K. J. (2007). Treatment options for sleep disturbances during alcohol recovery. Journal of addictive diseases, 26, 41 – 54. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aubin, H. J. , Luthringer, R. , Demazieres, A. , Dupont, C. , Lagrue, G. (2006). Comparison of the effects of a 24-hour nicotine patch and a 16-hour nicotine patch on smoking urges and sleep. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 8, 193 – 201. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Benowitz, N. L. (2008). Neurobiology of nicotine addiction: Implications for smoking cessation treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 121(4 A), 3 – 10. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. (2003). Insomnia, alcoholism and relapse. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 7, 523 – 539. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. , Aldrich, M. S. , Hall, J. M. (1998). Polysomnographic and subjective sleep predictors of alcoholic relapse. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1864 – 1871. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. , Aldrich, M. S. , Robinson, E. A. R. , Zucker, R. A. , Greden, J. F. (2001). Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 399 – 404. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. , Hall, J. M. (2001). Effects of age and alcoholism on sleep: A controlled study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 335 – 343. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. , Krentzman, A. , Robinson, E. A. (2011). Persistent insomnia, abstinence, and moderate drinking in alcohol-dependent individuals. American Journal of Addiction, 20, 435 – 440. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. , Perron B. E., (2010). Prevalence and correlates of withdrawal-related insomnia among adults with alcohol dependence: Results from a national survey. American Journal on Addictions, 19, 238 – 244. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Brower, K. J. , Robinson, E. A. R. , Zucker, R. A. (2000). Epidemiology of insomnia and alcoholism in the general population. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(Suppl. 5), 43 A. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Burgess, E. , Brown, R. , Kahler, C. , Niaura, R. , Abrams, D. , Goldstein, M. et al. (2002). Patterns of change in depressive symptoms during smoking cessation: Who’s at risk for relapse? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 356 – 361. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cagetti, E. , Liang, J. , Spigelman, I. , Olsen, R. W. (2003). Withdrawal from chronic intermittent ethanol treatment changes subunit composition, reduces synaptic function, and decreases behavioral responses to positive allosteric modulators of GABA (A) receptors. Molecular Pharmacology, 63, 53 – 64. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carmichael, F. J. , Israel, Y. , Crawford, M. , Minhas, K. , Saldivia, V. , Sandrin, S. , et al., (1991). Central nervous system effects of acetate: Contribution to the central effects of ethanol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 259, 403 – 408. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Caron, M. H. , Alling, C. (2001). Role of nitric oxide in ethanol-induced up-regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in SH-SY5Y cells. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1107 – 1113. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Clark, C. P. , Gillin, J. C. , Golshan, S. , Demodena, A. , Smith, T. L. , Danowski, S. et al. (1998). Increased REM sleep density at admission predicts relapse by three months in primary alcoholics with a lifetime diagnosis of secondary depression. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 601 – 607. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Colrain, I. M. , Turlington, S. , Baker, F. C. (2009) Impact of alcoholism on sleep architecture and EEG power spectra in men and women. Sleep, 32, 1341 – 1352. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Colrain, I. M. , Trinder, J. , Swan, G. E. (2004). The impact on smoking cessation on objective and subjective markers of sleep: Review, synthesis and recommendations. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 913 – 925. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cornelius, J. R. , Maisto,S. A., Martin , C. S., Bukstein , O. G., Salloum , I. M., Daley , D. C. et al., (2004). Major depression associated with earlier alcohol relapse in treated teens with AUD. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1035 – 1038. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Covey, L. , Glassman, A. , Stetner, F. (1997). Major depression following smoking cessation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 263 – 265. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Crum, R. M. , Storr, C. L. , Chan, Y.-F. , Ford, D. E. (2004). Sleep disturbance and risk for alcohol-related problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1197 – 1203. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Curran, G. M. , Booth, B. M. , Kirchner, J. E. , Deneke, D. E. (2007). Recognition and management of depression in a substance use disorder treatment population. The Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33, 563 – 569. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cummings, K. M. , Giovino, G. , Jaen, C. R. , Emrich, L. J. (1985). Reports of smoking withdrawal symptoms over a 21 day period of abstinence. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 373 – 381. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Conroy, D. A. , Arnedt, J. T. , Brower, K. J. , Strobbe, S. , Consens, F. , Hoffmann, R. et al. (2006). Perception of sleep in recovering alcohol dependent patients with insomnia: Relationship to future drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 1992 – 1999. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Conway, S. G. , Roizenblatt, S. S. , Palombini, L. , Castro, L. S. , Bittencourt, L. R. , Silva, R. S. et al. (2008). Effect of smoking habits on sleep. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 41, 722 – 727. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Davila, D. G. , Hurt, R. D. , Offord, K. P. , Harris, C. D. , Shepard, J. W. , Jr., (1994). Acute effects of transdermal nicotine on sleep architecture, snoring, and sleep-disordered breathing in nonsmokers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 150, 469 – 474. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diamond, I. , Nagy, L. , Mochly-Rosen, D. , Gordon, A. (1991). The role of adenosine and adenosine transport in ethanol-induced cellular tolerance and dependence. Possible biologic and genetic markers of alcoholism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 625, 473 – 487. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diamond, I. , Gordon, A. S. (1997). Cellular and molecular neuroscience of alcoholism. Physiological Reviews, 77, 1 – 20. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dijk, D. J. , Brunner, D. P. , Aeschbach, D. , Tobler, I. , Borbély, A. A. (1992). The effects of ethanol and human sleep EEG power spectra differ from those of benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 225 – 232. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Drummond, S. P. A. , Gillin, J. C. , Smith, T. L. , Demodena, A. (1998). The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: Natural course and relationship to relapse. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1796 – 1802. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dunwiddie, T. V. (1999). Adenosine and ethanol: Is there a caffeine connection in the actions of ethanol? In Y. Liu & W. A. Hunt (Eds.), The “drunken” synapse: Studies of alcohol-related disorders (pp.119 – 133). New York: Kluwer/Plenum. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dunwiddie, T. V. , Masino, S. A. (2001). The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 31 – 55. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ehlers, C. L. , Gilder, D. A. , Criado, J. R. , Caetano R., (2010). Sleep quality and alcohol-use disorders in a select population of young-adult Mexican Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71, 879 – 884. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ehlers, C. L. , Kupfer, D. J. (1987). Hypothalamic peptide modulation of EEG sleep in depression: A further application of the S-process hypothesis. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 513 – 517. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Esteban, S. , Morantaf, D. , Sastre-Coll, A. , Miralles, A. , Garcia-Sevilla, J. A. (2002). Withdrawal from chronic ethanol increases the sensitivity of presynaptic 5-HAT(1 A) receptors modulating serotonine and dopamine synthesis in rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience Letters, 28, 121 – 124. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Feige, B. , Gann, H. , Brueck, R. , Hornyak, M. , Litsch, S. , Hohagen, R. et al. (2006) Effects of alcohol on polysomnographically recorded sleep in healthy subjects. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 1527 – 1537. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fredrickson, P. A. , Hurt, R. D. , Lee, G. M. , Wingender, L. , Croghan, I. T. , Lauger, G. , Gomez-Dahl, L. , Offord, K. P. (1995). High dose transdermal nicotine therapy for heavy smokers: Safety, tolerability and measurement of nicotine and cotinine levels. Psychopharmacology, 122, 215 – 222. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Foster, J. H. , Peters, T. J. (1999). Impaired sleep in alcohol misusers and dependent alcoholics and the impact upon outcome. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1044 – 1051. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gann, H. , van Calker, D. , Feige, B. , Cloot, O. , Brück, D. , Berger, M. et al. (2004). Polysomnographic comparison between patients with primary alcohol dependency during subacute withdrawal and patients with major depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 263 – 271 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gann, H. , van Calker, D. , Feige, B. , Riemann, D. (2004). Die Bedeutung des Schlafs für gesunde Alkoholkonsumenten und alkoholabhängige Patienten. Der Nervenarzt, 75, 431 – 441. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gann, H. , Ebersholdt, M. , Adamovic, K. , van Calker, D. (1999). Agonist-stimulated Ca2 + response in neutrophils from patients with primary alcoholism and alcoholized healthy subjects. Psychiatry Research, 89, 189 – 199. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gann, H. , Faulmann, A. , Kiemen, A. , Klein, T. , Ebert, D. , Backhaus, J. et al. (1998). Sleep and the cholinergic REM sleep induction test in patients with primary alcoholism. Sleep Research Online, 1, 92 – 95. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gann, H. , Feige, B. , Fasihi, S. , van Calker, D. , Voderholzer, U. , Riemann, D. (2002). Periodic limb movements during sleep in alcohol dependent patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 252, 124 – 129. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gann, H. , Feige, B. , Hohagen, F. , van Calker, D. , Geiss, D. , Riemann, D. (2001). Sleep and the cholinergic REM sleep induction test in patients with primary alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 383 – 390. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gann, H. , Landbrecht, M. , Feige, B. , Hohagen, F. , Riemann, D. (2001). Subjektive Parameter des Schlafs bei Patienten mit primärer Alkoholabhängigkeit. Somnologie, 5, 65 – 70. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gillin, J. C. (1998). Are sleep disturbances risk factors for anxiety, depressive and addictive disorders? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 393(Suppl.), 39 – 43. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gillin, J. C. , Drummond, S. P. (2000). Medication and substance abuse. In M. H. Kryger, T. Roth , W. C. Dement, (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (3rd ed., pp. 1176 – 1195). Philadelphia/PA: Saunders. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gillin, J. C. , Lardon, M. , Ruiz, C. , Golshan, S. , Salin-Pascual, R. (1994). Dose-dependent effects of transdermal nicotine on early morning awakening and rapid eye movement sleep time in nonsmoking normal volunteers. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 264 – 267. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gillin, J. C. , Smith, T. L. , Irwin, M. , Butters, N. , Demodena, A. , Schuckit, M. (1994). Increased pressure for rapid eye movement sleep at time of hospital admission predicts relapse in non-depressed patients with primary alcoholism at 3-month follow up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 189 – 197. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gillin, J. C. , Smith, T. L. , Irwin, M. , Kripke, D. F. , Brown, S. , Schuckit, M. (1990). Short term REM latency in primary alcoholic patients with secondary depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 106 – 109. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gillin, J. C. , Smith, T. L. , Irwin, M. , Kripke, D. F. , Schuckit, M. (1990). EEG sleep studies in „pure“ primary alcoholism during subacute withdrawal: Relationships to normal controls, age, and other clinical variables. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 477 – 488. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gourlay, S. G. Forbes , A., Marriner , T. & McNeil, J. J. (1995). Double blind trial of repeated treatment with nicotine patch for relapsed smokers. British Medical Journal, 311, 363 – 366. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gourlay, S. G. , Forbes, A. , Marriner, T. , McNeil, J. J. (1999). Predictors and timing of adverse experiences during trandsdermal nicotine therapy. Drug Safety, 6, 545 – 555. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Greenberg, R. , Pearlman, C. (1967). Delirium tremens and dreaming. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 133 – 142. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Grobin, A. C. , Matthews, D. B. , Devaud, L. L. , Morrow, A. L. (1998). The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol. Psychopharmacology, 139, 2 – 19. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gross, M. M. , Goodenough, D. , Tobin, M. , Halpert, E. , Lepore, D. , Perlstein, A. , et al., (1966). Sleep disturbances and hallucinations in the acute alcoholic psychoses. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 142, 493 – 514. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gross, J. , Stitzer, M. L. (1989). Nicotine replacement: Ten-week effects on tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 98, 334 – 341. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Guizzetti, M. , Moller, T. , Costa, L. G. (2003). Ethanol inhibits muscarinic receptor-mediated DANN synthesis and signal transduction in human fetal astrocytes. Neuroscience Letters, 344, 68 – 70. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Haro, R. , Drucker-Colin, R. (2004a). A two-year study on the effects of nicotine and its withdrawal on mood and sleep. Pharmacopsychiatry, 37, 221 – 227. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Haro, R. , Drucker-Colin, R. (2004b). Effects of long-term administration of nicotine and fluoxetine on sleep in depressed patients. Archives of Medical Research, 35, 499 – 506. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hatsukami, D. K. , Hughes, J. R. , Pickens, R. W. (1985). Blood nicotine, smoke exposure and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 413 – 417. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hornyak, M. , Feige, B. , Riemann, D. , Voderholzer, U. (2006). Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: Prevalence, clinical significance and treatment. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10, 169 – 177. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hughes, J. R. , Hatsukami, D. K. , Pickens, R. W. , Krahn, D. , Malin, S. , Luknic, A. (1984). Effect of nicotine on the tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Psychopharmacology, 83, 82 – 87. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hughes, J. R. , Higgins, S. T. , Bickel, W. K. (1994). Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: Similiarities and dissimilarities. Addiction, 89, 1561 – 1470. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hurt, R. D. , Dale, L. C. , Fredrickson, P. A. , Caldwell, C. C. , Lee, G. A. , Offord, K. P. (1994). Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation combined with physisian advice and nurse follow-up. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 595 – 600. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jähne, A. , Loessl, B. , Barakai, Z. , Riemann, D. , Hornyak, M. (2009). Effects of nicotine upon sleep: Consumption, withdrawal, and replacement therapy. Sleep Medicine Review, 13, 363 – 377. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • James, J. E. , Rogers, P. J. (2005). Effects of caffeine on performance and mood: Withdrawal reversal is the most plausible explanation. Psychopharmacology, 182, 1 – 8. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Johnson, L. C. , Burdick, J. A. , Smith, J. (1970). Sleep during alcohol intake and withdrawal in the chronic alcoholic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 406 – 418. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Johnson, E. O. , Roehrs, T. , Roth, T. , Breslau, N. (1998). Epidemiology of alcohol and medication as aids to sleep in early adulthood. Sleep, 21, 178 – 186. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jones, B. E. (2003). Arousal systems. Frontiers in Bioscience, 8, 438 – 451. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jorenby, D. E. , Hatsukami, D. K. , Smith, S. S. , Fiore, M. C. , Allen, S. , Jensen, J. et al. (1996). Characterization of tobacco withdrawal symptoms: Transdermal nicotine reduces hunger and weight gain. Psychopharmacology, 128, 130 – 138. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Juliano, L. M. , Griffiths, R. R. (2004). A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: Empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology, 179, 1 – 29. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kaneita, Y. , Ohida, T. , Takemura, S. , Sone, T. , Suzuki, K. , Miyake, et al. (2005). Relation of smoking and drinking to sleep disturbance among Japanese pregnant women. Preventive Medicine, 41(5 – 6), 877 – 882. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Karacan, I. , Thornby, J. I. , Anch, M. , Booth, G. H. , Williams, R. L , Salis, P. J. (1976). Dose-related sleep disturbances induced by coffee and caffeine. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 20, 682 – 689. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kashyap, R. , Hock, L. M. , Bowman, T. J. (2001). Higher prevalence of smoking in patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath, 5, 167 – 172. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kim, K. S. , Kim, J. H. , Park, S. Y. , Won, H. R. , Lee, H. J. , Yang, H. S. et al. (2012). Smoking induces oropharyngeal narrowing and increases the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Journal of clinical sleep medicine, 8, 367 – 374. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Körner, H. H. (2007). Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) (Beck’sche Kurz-Kommentare, Bd. 37, 6., neu bearbeitete Aufl.). München: C. H. Beck. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kotorii, T. , Nakazawa, Y. , Yokoyama, T. , Ohkawa, T. , Sakurada, H. , Nonaka, et al. (1982). Terminal sleep following delirium tremens in chronic alcoholics – polysomnographic and behavioral study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 10, 125 – 134. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kumari, M. , Tickum, M. K. (2000). Regulation of NMDA receptors by ethanol. Progress in Drug Research, 54, 152 – 189. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Landolt, H. P. , Borbély, A. A. (2000). Alkohol und Schlafstörungen. Therapeutische Umschau, 57, 241 – 245. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Landolt, H. P. , Dijk, D. J. , Gaus, S. E. , Borbély, A. A. (1995). Caffeine reduces low-frequency delta activity in the human sleep EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 229 – 238. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Landolt, H. P. , Roth, C. , Dijk, D. J. , Borbély, A. A. (1996). Late-afternoon ethanol intake affects nocturnal sleep and the sleep EEG in middle-aged men. Journal of Clinical Psychophamacology, 16, 428 – 436. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Landolt, H. P. , Werth, E. , Borbély, A. A. , Dijk, D. J. (1995). Caffeine intake (200 mg) in the morning affects human sleep and EEG power spectra at night. Brain Research, 675, 67 – 74. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Le Bon, O. , Verbanck, P. , Hoffmann, G. , Murphy, J. R. , Staner, L. , De Groote, D. et al. (1997). Sleep in detoxified alcoholics: Impairment of most standard sleep parameters and increased risk for sleep apnea, but not myoclonias – a controlled study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 30 – 36. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mahfoud, Y. , Talih, F. , Streem, D. , Budur, K. (2009). Sleep disorders in substance abusers – how common are they? Psychiatry (Edgmont), 6, 38 – 42. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • McCarley, R. W. , Hobson, J. A. (1975). Neuronal excitability modulation over the sleep cycle: A structural and mathematical model. Science, 189(4196), 58 – 60. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Moeller, F. G. , Gillin, J. C. , Irwin, M. , Golshan, S. , Kripke, D. F. , Schuckit, M. (1993). A comparison of sleep EEGs in patients with primary major depression and major depression secondary to alcoholism. Journal of Affective Disorders, 27, 39 – 42. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Montplaisir, J. , Boucher, S. , Poirier, G. , Lavigne, G. , Lapierre, O. , Lespérance, P. (1997). Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: A study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Movement Disorders, 12, 61 – 65. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Moreno-Coutina, A. , Calderon-Ezquero, C. , Drucker-Colin, R. (2007). Long-term-changes in sleep and depressive symptoms of smokers in abstinence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 3, 389 – 396. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nakajima, M. , Al’absi, M. (2012). Predictors of risk for smoking relapse in men and women: A prospective examination. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26, 633 – 637. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Nicholson, A. N. , Stone, B. M. (1980). Heterocyclic amphetamine derivate and caffeine on sleep in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 9, 195 – 203. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ohayon, M. M. , Roth, T. (2002). Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorders in the general population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 547 – 554. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Okun, M. L. , Levine, M. D. , Houck, P. , Perkins, K. A. , Marcus, M. D. (2011). Subjective sleep disturbance during a smoking cessation program: associations with relapse. Addictive Behaviours, 36, 861 – 864. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Page, F. , Coleman, G. , Conduit, R. (2006). The effect of transdermal nicotine patches on sleep and dreams. Physiology & Behavior, 88(4 – 5), 425 – 432. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Patten, C. A. , Choi, W. S. , Gillin, J. C. , Pierce, J. P. (2000). Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking predict development and persistence of sleep problems in US adolescents. Pediatrics, 106(2), e23. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Peppard, P. E. , Austin, D. , Brown, R. L. (2007). Association of alcohol consumption and sleep disordered breathing in men and women. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3, 265 – 270. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Peters, E. N. , Fucito, L. M. , Novosad, C. , Toll, B. A. , O’Malley, S. S. (2011). Effect of night smoking, sleep disturbance, and their co-occurrence on smoking outcomes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 25, 312 – 319. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Prosise, G. L. , Bonnet, M. H. , Berry, R. B. , Dickel, M. J. (1994). Effects of abstinence from smoking on sleep and daytime sleepiness. Chest, 105, 1136 – 1141. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Richardson, G. S. (2007). Human physiological models of insomnia. Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 9 – 14. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Riedel, B. W. , Durrence, H. H. , Lichstein, K. L. , Taylor, D. J. (2004). The relation between smoking und sleep: The influence of smoking level, health and psychological variables. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2(1), 63 – 78. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rieder, A. , Kunze, U. , Groman, E. , Kiefer, I. , Schoberberger, R. (2001). Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving: A newly described symptom of extreme nicotine dependence. Acta Medica Austriaca, 28(1), 21 – 22. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Riemann, D. (2007). Insomnia and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 15 – 20. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Riemann, D. , Berger, M. , Voderholzer, U. (2001). Sleep and depression – results from psychobiological studies. Biological Psychology, 57, 67 – 103. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Riemerth, A. , Kunze, U. , Groman E., (2009). Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving and accomplishment with a smoking cessation program. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift,159(1 – 2), 47 – 52. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rodenbeck, A. , Huether, G. , Rüther, E. , Hajak, G. (2002). Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia. Neuroscience Letters, 324, 159 – 163. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Roehrs T. & Roth T. (2008). Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(2), 153 – 162. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sabanayagam, C. , Shankar, A. (2011). The association between active smoking, smokeless tobacco, second-hand smoke exposure and insufficient sleep. Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 7 – 11. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Salin-Pascual, R. J. , de la Fuente, J. R. , Galicia-Polo, L. , Drucker-Colin, R. (1995). Effects of transderman nicotine on mood and sleep in nonsmoking major depressed patients. Psychopharmacology, 121, 476 – 479. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Salin-Pascual, R. J. , Drucker-Colin, R. (1998). A novel effect of nicotine on mood and sleep in major depression. Neuroreport, 9, 57 – 60. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Salin-Pascual, R. J. , Galicia-Polo, L. (1999). REM sleep latency in major depressed patients predicts mood improvement after transdermal nicotine administration. Sleep and Hypnosis, 1, 32 – 34. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sapru, M. K. , Diamond, I. , Gordon, A. S. (1994). Adenosine receptors mediate cellular adaptation to ethanol in NG 108 – 15 cells. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 27, 542 – 548. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schiavi, R. C. , Stimmel, B. B. , Mandelli, J. , White, D. (1995). Chronic alcoholism and male sexual function. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1045 – 1051. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shiffman, S. , Paty, J. A. , Gnys, M. , Kassel, J. D. , Elash, C. (1995). Nicotine withdrawal in chippers and regular smokers: Subjective and cognitive effects. Health Psychology, 14, 301 – 309. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Soldatos, C. R. , Kales, J. D. , Scharf, M. B. , Bixler, E. O. , Kales, A. (1980). Cigarette smoking associated with sleep difficulty. Science, 207(4430), 551 – 553. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Staner, L. , Luthringer, R. , Dupont, C. , Aubin, H. J. , Lagrue, G. (2006). Sleep effects of a 24-h versus a 16-h nicotine patch: A polysomnographic study during smoking cessation. Sleep Medicine, 7(2), 147 – 154. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stein, M. D. , Friedmann P. D., (2005). Disturbed sleep and its relationship to alcohol use. Substance Abuse, 26(1), 1 – 13. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stoller, M. K. (1994). Economic effects of insomnia. Clinical Therapeutics, 16, 873 – 897. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Van Reen, E. , Jenni, O. G. , Carskadon, M. A. (2006) Effects of alcohol on sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram in healthy young women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 974 – 981. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Vinson D. C., Manning B. K. , Galliher J. M., Dickinson L. M. , Pace W. D. & Turner, B. J. (2010). Alcohol and sleep problems in primary care patients: A report from the AAFP National Research Network. Annals of Family Medicine, 8, 484 – 492. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Weinberger, A. H. , Pilver, C. E. , Desai, R. A. , Mazure, C. M. , McKee, S. A. (2012). The relationship of major depressive disorder and gender to changes in smoking for current and former smokers: longitudinal evaluation in the US population. Addiction, 107, 1847 – 1856. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wetter, D. W. , Fiore, M. C. , Baker, T. B. , Young, T. B. (1995). Tobacco withdrawal and nicotine replacement influence objective measures of sleep. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 658 – 667. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wetter, D. W. , Fiore, M. C. , Young, T. B. , McClure, J. B. , De Moor, C. A. , Baker, T. B. (1999). Gender differences in response to nicotine replacement therapy: Objective and subjective indexes of tobacco withdrawal. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 135 – 144. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wetter, D. W. , Young, T. B. (1994). The relation between cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance. Preventive Medicine, 23, 328 – 334. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wirkner, K. , Poelchen, W. , Köles, L. , Mühlberg, K. , Scheibler, P. , Allgaier, C. et al. (1999). Ethanol-induced inhibition of NMDA receptor channels. Neurochemistry International, 35, 153 – 162. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wong, M. M. , Brower, K. J. , Fitzgerald, H. E. , Zucker, R. A. (2004). Sleep problems in early childhood and early onset of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 578 – 587. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Yao, L. , Asai, K. , Jiang, Z. , Ishii, A. , Fan, P. , Gordon, A. S. et al. (2001). Dopamine D2 receptor inhibition of adenyl cyclase is abolished by acute ethanol but restored after chronic ethanol exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 298, 833 – 839. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zarcone, V. (1978). Alcoholism and sleep. Advances in Bioscience, 21, 29 – 38. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zhang, L. , Samet, J. , Caffo, B. , Punjabi, N. M. (2006). Cigarette smoking and nocturnal sleep architecture. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 529 – 537. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zhang, L. , Samet, J. , Caffo, B. , Bankman, I. , Punjabi, N. M. (2007). Power spectral analysis of electroencephalographic activity during sleep in cigarette smoker. Chest, 133, 427 – 432. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar