Resilienz: Funktionale Adaptation an widrige Umgebungsbedingungen
Abstract
Resiliente Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene sind dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ihnen eine funktionale Adaptation an widrige, oftmals traumatische Umgebungsbedingungen in einer Weise gelingt, so dass langfristig ein kompensiertes, gesundes psychologisches Funktionsniveau und Entwicklungsergebnis erreicht wird. Im Fokus der Resilienzforschung steht die Identifikation der protektiven Faktoren, die als Moderatormerkmale die Wirkung der Risikofaktoren auf den Outcome lindern oder neutralisieren. An der Entwicklung von Resilienz sind adaptive Systeme auf vier Ebenen beteiligt: personale Kompetenzen des Kindes (Stressverarbeitung, Selbstregulation, Motivation, Lernen), des Familiensystems (Bindung, Interaktion, Erziehung), Ressourcen des sozialen Netzwerkes (Schule, Gleichaltrige) und gesellschaftlich-kulturelle Faktoren (Normen, Werte). Biologische (genetische, endokrine, neurobiologische) Resilienzfaktoren können die Impulskontrolle, Handlungsplanung und Emotionsregulation bei der Stressregulation stärken. Jüngste Befunde belegen, dass eine epigenetische, also erfahrungsabhängige Modulation der Genexpression eine psychopathologische Vulnerabilität verstärken oder reduzieren kann. Ein Modell wird vorgestellt, das die Herausbildung eines resilienten Entwicklungspfades wesentlich als Ergebnis von positiv bewältigten Belastungsepisoden versteht, die das Kind durch die Anwendung funktionaler kognitiver Schemata und kompetenter Bewältigungsfertigkeiten erreicht, die es sich vor allem im Kontext von positiven Eltern-Kind-Interaktionen hat aneignen können. Mit diesem Modell korrespondieren eltern- und kindzentrierte Interventionskonzepte zur Stärkung resilienter Adaptation an stark belastende Umgebungsbedingungen.
Resilience refers to the achievement of a functional adaptation to adverse, often traumatic environments resulting in a long term healthy psychological functioning and developmental outcome. Resilience research focuses on the identification of protective factors that act as buffering moderators between adverse environmental conditions and a satisfying adjustment outcome. Resilience is enhanced by adaptive systems on four different levels: personal competencies of the child (coping strategies, self-regulation, motivation, learning), family system (attachment, parent-child-interaction, parenting), resources of the social network (school, peers) and society and culture (norms, values). Biological (genetic, endocrine, neurobiological) protective factors enhance the childs competencies concerning impulse control, executive functioning, and emotion regulation during distressing episodes. Recent research has provided convincing evidence that epigenetic, i.e., experience-dependent modulation of gene expression may increase or decrease psychopathological vulnerability. A conceptual framework is introduced that analyzes the emergence of resilience as a result of successful coping episodes enhanced by the application of functional cognitive schemata and behavioural competencies which the child has assimilated via supportive interaction with strengthening parents and network members. Corresponding to this conceptual framework, parent- and child-centered intervention strategies are outlined that foster resilient developmental processes in adverse contexts.
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