Kognitive Interferenz im Sport
Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Version des „Thoughts Occurence Questionnaires Sport“ (TOQS)
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Konzentration ist für die sportliche Leistungserbringung wesentlich. Die Störung der Konzentration durch eigene Gedanken wird als kognitive Interferenz bezeichnet. Im englischsprachigen Raum wird diese Interferenz mit dem Thought Occurence Questionnaire Sport (TOQS; Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000) erfasst. Die vorliegende Arbeit validiert eine deutsche Version (TOQS-D) an zwei Stichproben bestehend aus insgesamt 348 Sporttreibenden (56 % männlich, MAlter = 25, SDAlter = 6, 61 % Teamsportarten, 53 % Mitglied im Schweizer Nationalkader). Eine explorative Faktorenanalyse (Stichprobe 1) sowie eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (Stichprobe 2) bestätigen die Struktur der Originalversion mit drei interkorrelierenden Faktoren: Leistungssorgen, aufgabenirrelevante Gedanken und Fluchtgedanken. Die Skala hat gute Reliabilitätswerte (interne Konsistenz: α = .89; Retestreliabilität: r = .82). Zudem zeigt der TOQS-D die erwartete konvergente Validität (Konzentrationsstörungen, Wettkampfangst), divergente Validität (Achtsamkeit) und Kriteriumsvalidität (Selbsteinschätzung der sportlichen Leistung). Mit dem TOQS-D liegt damit ein geeignetes Instrument vor, dessen Einsatzmöglichkeiten in Praxis und Forschung abschließend diskutiert werden.
Abstract. Concentration is essential for athletic performance. The disturbance of concentration by thoughts is called cognitive interference. In English-speaking countries, this interference is assessed with the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport (TOQS; Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000). The present study validated a German version (TOQS-D) on two samples consisting of a total of 348 athletes (56 % male, Mage = 25, SDage = 6, 61 % team sports, 53 % national team members). An exploratory factor analysis (Sample 1) and a confirmatory factor analysis (Sample 2) confirmed the structure of the original version with three correlated factors: performance worries, task-irrelevant thoughts, and thoughts of escape. The scale has good reliability scores (internal consistency: α = .89; test–retest reliability: r = .82). In addition, the TOQS-D shows the expected convergent (concentration disruption, competition anxiety), divergent (mindfulness), and criterion validity (self-assessment of athletic performance). The TOQS-D can be considered an appropriate questionnaire, and its applications in practice and research is discussed.
Literatur
2014). Konstruktion und erste Validierung eines Fragebogens zur umfassenden Erfassung von Achtsamkeit: Das Comprehensive Inventory of Mindfulness Experiences. Diagnostica, 60, 111 – 125. doi: 10.1026/0012 – 1924/a000109
(2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: Theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness, 3, 235 – 246. doi: 10.1007/s12671 – 012 – 0109 – 2
(2009). Wettkampf-Angst-Inventar (WAI). Manual zur komprehensiven Eingangsdiagnostik von Wettkampfangst, Wettkampfängstlicheit und Angstbewältigungsmodus im Sport (Diagnostikreihe des Bundesinstituts für Sportwissenschaft). Köln: Sportverlag Strauss.
(2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford.
(1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155 – 159.
(1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
(2011). Associations between evaluation anxiety, cognitive interference and performance on working memory tasks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 823 – 832.
(2000). Cognitive psychology: A student’s handbook (4th ed.). East Sussex: Psychology Press Ltd.
(2008). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 758 – 774. doi: 10.1007/s10608 – 007 – 9142 – 1
(1992). 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence: II. Thoughts and affect occurring during competition. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 383 – 402.
(1999). The effects of goal orientation and perceived competence on cognitive interference during tennis and snooker performance. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 479 – 501.
(2000). Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 65 – 86.
(2002). Cognitive interference during competition among volleyball players with different goal orientations profiles. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 707 – 715.
(2008). Negative self-talk during sport performance: Relationships with pre-competition anxiety and goal-performance discrepancies. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31, 237 – 253.
(2004). Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 138 – 150. doi: 10.1080/10413200490437886
(1998). Fit indexes in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424 – 453.
(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1 – 55.
(2012). Die Ruminationsfacetten Brooding und Reflection. Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 41, 38 – 46.
(2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144 – 156.
(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
(2005). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport (TOQS) among adolescent athletes. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 18, 245 – 254.
(1998). Testaufbau und Testkonstruktion (6. Aufl.). Weinheim: Beltz.
(2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentlerʼs (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320 – 341.
(2011). Exploring the relationship between goal achievement orientation and mindfulness in collegiate athletics. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 44 – 57.
(2013). Emotions, cognitive interference, and concentration disruption in youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31, 505 – 515.
(2009).
(Attention in sport . In S. MellalieuS. HantonEds., Advances in applied sport psychology: a review (pp. 195 – 220). London: Routledge.1986). Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215 – 225.
(1990). Anxiety, cognitive interference, and performance. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 1 – 18.
(2010). Psychometrische Eigenschaften einer deutschsprachigen Adaptation des Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS). Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 17, 50 – 62.
(2011). One year follow-up of mindful sport performance enhancement (MSPE) with archers, golfers, and runners. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 99 – 116.
(2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 443 – 457.
(2009). Latent state-trait theory: An application in sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 344 – 349.
(