Psychologie der Verwandtschaft
Abstract
Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen stellen neben Partner- und Kooperationsbeziehungen einen zentralen Kontext der individuellen und sozialen Entwicklung dar und sind in der Psychologie bislang nicht ausreichend gewürdigt worden. In Soziobiologie und Evolutionspsychologie wird Verwandtschaft primär unter dem Aspekt der inklusiven Fitness betrachtet und in Bezug auf das Altruismusproblem erörtert. Basierend auf deren Annahmen wird in diesem Beitrag Verwandtschaft als eine psychologische Kategorie verstanden, die durch den proximaten Mechanismus der Regulation emotionaler Nähe und den Verzicht auf die strikte Einhaltung der Reziprozitätsnorm konstruiert wird. Dadurch können auch Nichtverwandte als verwandtschaftsgleich oder wahlverwandt wahrgenommen werden. Es wird ein integratives Modell der psychologischen Verwandtschaft postuliert, das Verwandtschaft nicht nur in Abgrenzung zu anderen Beziehungen definiert, sondern ebenso als Ergebnis eines aktiven Prozess der sozialen Beziehungsgestaltung erklärt.
Kin relationships have been largely ignored in psychology even though they represent important contexts of individual and social development. Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology consider kinship mostly in terms of inclusive fitness and the emergence of altruism. Based on these perspectives, kinship is conceptualized in this study as a psychological category that is construed through the regulation of emotional closeness and the attenuation of the reciprocity norm. This opens up the chance that even genetically unrelated individuals may become kin by choice. The authors propose an integrative model of psychological kinship by delineating kin from other relationship systems and describing kinship as the result of proactive relationship regulation.
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