Der Mozart-Effekt - Eine wissenschaftliche Legende?
Oder: Der Einfluss von Musik auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über die zentralen Studien zum Einfluss von Musik auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit. Unter dem “Mozart-Effekt“ wird die Annahme verstanden, dass die visuell-räumliche Leistungsfähigkeit durch zuvor gehörte Musik, insbesondere Musik von Mozart, verbessert werden kann. Die dargelegten Studien machen deutlich, dass dieser Einfluss wenig mit dem Hören der Mozart-Musik zu tun hat, sondern vielmehr ein Erregungs- bzw. ein Stimmungseffekt ist und darüber hinaus von der Art der experimentellen Versuchsanordnung und der untersuchten Versuchspersonengruppe abhängig ist. Die Analyse der Studien zur Bedeutung des überdauernden praktischen Musizierens weisen insgesamt einen schwachen Zusammenhang zur Verbesserung der allgemeinen Intelligenz auf. Am Ende des Artikels wird die Frage diskutiert, inwiefern neueste Erkenntnisse aus den Neurowissenschaften und der kognitiven Psychologie es erlauben, sich dem Thema der Bedeutung von Musik auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit unter einem anderen Blickwinkel zu nähern. Die Bedeutung dieses Ansatzes für die Musiktherapie wird umrissen.
Abstract. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the central studies regarding the influence of music on special cognitive tasks. The term “Mozart effect” became quite popular almost 10 years ago. It describes the phenomenon that spatial cognitive performance or intelligence could be increased by hearing ten minutes of a Mozart sonata. The studies described in this paper show that this phenomenon does not depend on hearing music. It seems quite more plausible that changes in listeners’ arousal levels and their moods induce this effect. Furthermore, it is shown that results vary quite substantially as a function of the experimental design. The analysis of the influence of music lessons reveals small but reliable associations between music lessons and general intelligence. At the end of the paper, the question is raised if the new findings from neuroscience and cognitive psychology may allow the investigation of the influence of music on cognitive performance from a different point of view. Finally the importance of this approach for music therapy will be discussed.
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