Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Original Article

The Evolution of Music Therapy

Five Eras and Their Spirit

Published Online:March 01, 2017https://doi.org/10.1026/0933-6885/a000221

Abstract

Abstract. Five overlapping eras or stages can be distinguished in the evolution of music therapy. The first one refers to the historical roots and ethnological sources that have influenced modern meta-theoretical perspectives and practices. The next stage marks the heterogeneous origins of modern music therapy in the 20th century that mirror psychological positions and novel clinical ideas about the healing power of music. The subsequent heyday of music therapeutic models and schools of thought yielded an enormous variety of concepts and methods such as Nordoff–Robbins music therapy, Orff music therapy, analytic music therapy, regulatory music therapy, guided imagery and music, sound work, etc. As music therapy gained in international importance, clinical applications required research on its therapeutic efficacy. According to standards of evidence-based medicine and with regard to clearly defined diagnoses, research on music therapeutic practice was the core of the fourth stage of evolution. The current stage is characterized by the emerging epistemological dissatisfaction with the paradigmatic reductionism of evidence-based medicine and by the strong will to discover the true healing nature of music. This trend has given birth to a wide spectrum of interdisciplinary hermeneutics for novel foundations of music therapy. Epigenetics, neuroplasticity, regulatory and chronobiological sciences, quantum physical philosophies, universal harmonies, spiritual and religious views, and the cultural anthropological phenomenon of esthetics and creativity have become guiding principles. This article should not be regarded as a historical treatise but rather as an attempt to identify theoretical landmarks in the evolution of modern music therapy and to elucidate the evolution of its spirit.


Die Evolution der Musiktherapie. Fünf Äras und deren Leitideen

Zusammenfassung. Betrachtet man die Evolution der Musiktherapie, so lassen sich fünf, sich teils überlappende Phasen verorten. Die erste bezieht sich auf historische Quellen und ethnische Phänomene, welche neue meta-theoretische Sichtweisen und therapeutische Praktiken inspiriert und geprägt haben. Die nächste Phase bezieht sich auf heterogene Ideen und Fundierungen musiktherapeutischer Ansätze im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert. Diese spiegeln sowohl psychologische Positionen wie auch innovative klinische Ansichten über die heilende Wirkung von Musik wider. Die folgende Blütezeit musiktherapeutischer Schulen und Modelle, die Phase 3, brachte eine enorme Vielfalt an Konzepten und Methoden mit sich wie etwa Nordoff-Robbins Musiktherapie, Orff-Musiktherapie, Analytische Musiktherapie, Regulative Musiktherapie, Guided Imagery and Music (GIM) und Sound Work. Im Zuge dessen, dass Musiktherapie international an Bedeutung gewann, wurde Forschung zur therapeutischen Effizienz ihrer klinischen Anwendung notwendig. Standards und Designs evidenzbasierter medizinischer Forschung an Patienten mit klar umrissenen Diagnosen und Störungskomplexen wurden international für die Phase 4 zum Markenzeichen. Die gegenwärtig erstarkende fünfte Phase der Musiktherapie ist durch eine zunehmende, erkenntnistheoretisch motivierte Unzufriedenheit mit den pragmatischen Reduktionismen evidenzbasierter medizinischer Forschungszugänge sowie einen starken Willen, das Wesen der heilenden Kräfte von Musik aufzuspüren, charakterisiert. Diese Entwicklungen haben ein weites Spektrum interdisziplinärer Hermeneutik zu neuen Begründungen von Musiktherapie auf das Tapet gerufen. Epigenetik, Neuroplastizität, Regulationsmedizin und Chronobiologie, quantenphysikalisch orientierte Philosophien, Konzeptionen universeller Harmonie, spirituelle und religiöse Perspektiven und das kulturanthropologische Phänomen von Ästhetik und Kreativität sind hier neue Leitprinzipien der Reflexion geworden. Der Artikel soll nicht als historische Abhandlung, sondern vielmehr als Versuch verstanden werden, neue Eckpfeiler der Theorien moderner Musiktherapie zu identifizieren und die Evolution eines neuen Geistes in der Musiktherapie zu erhellen.

References

  • Aigen, K. (2007). In defense of beauty: A role for the aesthetic in music therapy theory. Part I: The development of aesthetic theory in music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 16, 112 – 128. doi: 10.1080/08098130709478181 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aigen, K. (2008). In defense of beauty: A role for the aesthetic in music therapy theory. Part II: Challenges to aesthetic theory in music therapy: Summary and response. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 17, 3 – 18. doi: 10.1080/08098130809478191 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aigen, K. (2015). A critique of evidence-based practice in music therapy. Music Therapy Perspectives, [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1093/mtp/miv013 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Aigen, K. S. (2014a). The study of music therapy. Current issues and concepts. New York, NY: Routledge. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Aigen, K. S. (2014b). An overview of contemporary music therapy orientations. Retrieved from http://www.musictherapy2014.org/fileadmin/download/Abstract_Book_WCMT_2014 - 01.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Albrecht, M. V. (Ed.). (1963). Jamblichos: Pythagoras. Legende–Lehre–Lebensgestaltung. Zurich, Switzerland: Bibliothek der Alten Welt. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Amir, D. (2012). My music is me: Musical perspective as a way of forming and sharing identity in music therapy group. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 21, 176 – 193. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2011.571279 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ansdell, G. (2015). How music helps in music therapy and everyday life. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Archie, P., Bruera, E., & Cohen, L. (2013). Music-based interventions in palliative cancer care: A review of quantitative studies and neurobiological literature. Supportive Care in Cancer, 21, 2609 – 2624. doi: 10.1007/s00520-013-1841-4 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baker, F., & Roth, E. A. (2004). Neuroplasticity and functional recovery: Training models and compensatory strategies in music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 13, 20 – 32. doi: 10.1080/08098130409478095 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Balzer, H. U. (2009). Chronobiology as a foundation for and an approach to a new understanding of the influence of music. In R. HaasV. BrandesEds.. Music that works. Contributions of biology, neurophysiology, psychology, sociology, medicine and musicology (pp. 25 – 82). New York, NY: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bonde, L. O. (2001). Steps towards a meta-theory of music therapy? Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 10, 176 – 187. doi: 10.1080/08098130109478030 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bonde, L. O. (2015). The current state of music therapy theory? Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 24, 167 – 175. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2014.987805 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bradt, J., Dileo, C., & Potvin, N. (2013). Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD006577. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006577.pub3 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Brigati, C., Saccuman, M. C., Banelli, B., Di Vinci, A., Casciano, I., Borzì, L., & ⋯ Romani, M. (2011). Toward an epigenetic view of our musical mind. Frontiers in Genetics, 2, 111. doi:10.3389/fgene.2011.00111 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bruscia, K. E. (2014). Defining music therapy (3rd ed.). Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Publishers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Burns, D. S. (2012). Theoretical rationale for music selection in oncology intervention research: An integrative review. Journal of Music Therapy, 49(1), 7 – 22. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Carr, C., Odell-Miller, H., & Priebe, S. (2013). A systematic review of music therapy practice and outcomes with acute adult psychiatric patients. PLoSOne, 8(8), e70252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070252 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Chaudhury, S., & Wadhwa, S. (2009). Prenatal auditory stimulation alters the levels of CREB mRNA, p-CREB and BDNF expression in chick hippocampus. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 27, 583 – 590. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedevneu.2009.06.004 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Davis, W., & Hadley, S. (2015). A history of music therapy. In B. L. WheelerEd., Music therapy handbook (pp. 17 – 28). New York, NY: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Davis, W. B. (1987). Music therapy in 19th century America. Journal of Music Therapy, 24(2), 76 – 87. doi: 10.1093/jmt/24.2.76 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Davis, W.B. (2012). The first systematic experimentation in music therapy: The genius of James Leonard Corning. Journal of Music Therapy, 49(1), 102 – 117. doi: 10.1093/jmt/49.1.102 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Deshmukh, A. D., Sarvaiya, A. A., Seethalakshmi, R., & Nayak, A. S. (2009). Effect of Indian classical music on quality of sleep in depressed patients: A randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 18, 70 – 78. doi: 10.1080/08098130802697269 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B., & Taub, E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science (New York), 270(5234), 305 – 307. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.). (2015). Elliott’s commentary on the whole Bible, Vol. II, Deuteronomy–II Samuel [Reprint of the Zondervan edition 1959, originally published in 1897 by Cassell]. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Else, B., & Wheeler, B. (2010). Music therapy practice: Relative perspectives in evidence-based reviews. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 19, 29 – 50. doi: 10.1080/08098130903377407 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Engel, H. (1968). Musik der Zeiten und Völker [Music–Eras and Ethnicities]. Wiesbaden, Germany: Breitkopf & Härtel. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fitzthum, E. (2005). Prägende Aspekte und Einflussnahmen auf dem Weg zur institutionalisierten Musiktherapie in Wien von 1945 bis 1960 [The Viennese School of Music Therapy and its Development from 1945 to 1960–Perspectives and Influences.] Musiktherapie (Österreichischer Berufsverband der MusiktherapeutInnen). Retrieved from http://www.oebm.org/files/jf_fitzthum_2005.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fitzthum, E. (2013). History of music therapy in Austria: How the fundament was built until 1992. Retrieved from http://www.psychotherapie-fitztzum.at/pdf/History First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Frank, C. (1982). Musikrhythmen als möglicher Synchronisator für biologische Rhythmen [Musical rhythms: a possible synchroniser for biological rhythms]. In G. HarrerEd., Grundlagen der Musiktherapie und Musikpsychologie [Essentials of Music Therapy and Music Psychology] (pp. 85 – 104). Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Frohne-Hagemann, I. (Ed.). (1990). Musik und Gestalt. Klinische Musiktherapie als integrative Psychotherapie [Music and Gestalt. Clinical music therapy as integrative psychotherapy]. Paderborn, Germany: Junfermann Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Geretsegger, M., Elefant, C., Mössler, K. A., & Gold, C. (2014). Music therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD004381. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004381 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ghetti, C. M. (2012). Music therapy as procedural support for invasive medical procedures: Toward the development of music therapy theory. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 21, 3 – 35. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2011.571278 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gilboa, A. (2012). Developments in the MAP: A method for describing and analyzing music therapy sessions. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 21, 57 – 79. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2010.545137 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gillie, C. (2008). La voix à fleur de mots [The voice–the words’ semantic soul]. La Revue Française de Musicothérapie, 28(1), 60 – 77. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gold, C. (2008). The theory of evidence. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 17, 2. doi:10.1080/08098130809478190 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Goudard, A., & Mercier, B. (1999). Les Percussions de Treffort. 20 ans de création [The Percussions of Treffort. 20 Years of Creativity and Creation]. Paris, France: L’Harmattan. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Grocke, D. (2010). An overview of research in the Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music. Voices, A World Forum for Music Therapy, 10(3). doi:10.15845/voices.v10i3.340 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Groussard, M., La Joie, R., Rauchs, G., Landeau, B., Chételat, G., Viader, F., & ⋯ Platel, H. (2010). When music and long-term memory interact: Effects of musical expertise on functional and structural plasticity in the hippocampus. PLoSOne, 5(10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013225 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Güvenc, O. (2006). Tümama. Voices, 6(2). First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hallgrímsson, B., & Hall, B. K. (Eds.). (2011). Epigenetics. Linking genotype and phenotype in development and evolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hammarlund, I. (2008). Music Therapy in Sweden. A Short Review. Voices Resources. Retrieved from http://testvoices.uib.no/community/?q=country/monthsweden_june2008 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hanser, S. B. (2014). Music therapy in cardiac health care: Current issues in research. Cardiology in Review, 22(1), 37 – 42. doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e318291c5fc First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Haslbeck, F. B. (2014). The interactive potential of creative music therapy with premature infants and their parents: A qualitative analysis. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 23, 36 – 70. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2013.790918 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Herdener, M., Esposito, F., di Salle, F., Boller, C., Hilti, C. C., Habermeyer, B., & ⋯ Cattapan-Ludewig, K. (2010). Musical training induces functional plasticity in human hippocampus. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 1377 – 1384. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4513-09.2010 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hersen, M., & Gross, M. (Eds.). (2008). Clinical psychology, Vol 1, Adults. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hollins Martin, C. J. (2014). A narrative literature review of the therapeutic effects of music upon childbearing women and neonates. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20, 262 – 267. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.07.011 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hörmann, K. (2013). Everyday experience and transcendence in music therapy [in German]. Musik-, Tanz- und Kunsttherapie, 24, 1 – 26. doi: 10.1026/0933-6885/a000083 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Hörmann, K. (2014a). The essence cannot be found in the notes. Tone-psychology in music therapy. Retrieved from http://www.musictherapy2014.org/fileadmin/download/Abstract-Book_WCMT_2014_01.pdf First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hörmann, K. (2014b). Ton-Psychology [in German]. Musik-, Tanz- und Kunsttherapie, 25, 81 – 111. doi: 10.1026/0933-6885/a000181 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Howick, J. H. (2011). The philosophy of evidence-based medicine. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Huber, J., & Thirring, W. (2011). Baupläne der Schöpfung: Hat die Welt einen Architekten? [The Creation’s Construction Plans. Has the World an Architect?]. Vienna, Austria: Seifert. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hyde, K. L., Lerch, J., Norton, A., Forgeard, M., Winner, E., Evans, A. C., & Schlaug, G. (2009). Musical training shapes structural brain development. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 3019 – 3025. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jaedicke, H. G. (1982). Musiktherapie bei psychosomatischen Erkrankungen [Music therapy in psychosomatic diseases.]. In G. HarrerEd., Grundlagen der Musiktherapie und Musikpsychologie [Essentials of Music Therapy and Music Psychology] (pp. 245 – 256). Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kafka, F. (2009). The Castle. A New Translation by Anthea Bell. Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kayser, H. (1946). Akróasis: Die Lehre von der Harmonik der Welt [Akróasis: The study of a harmonics of the world]. Basel, Switzerland: Benno Schwabe Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Keller, W. (1982). Orff-Schulwerk in Musiktherapie und Heilpädagogik [The Orff-Schulwerk in music therapy and curative education]. In: G. HarrerEd., Grundlagen der Musiktherapie und Musikpsychologie [Essentials of Music Therapy and Music Psychology] (pp. 203 – 212). Stuttgart, Germany: Fischer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kennaway, J. (2015). Historical perspectives on music as a cause of disease. Progress in Brain Research, 216, 127 – 145. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.017 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kenny, C., & Stige, B. (2001). Introducing voices: A world forum for music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 10, 3. doi:10.1080/08098130109478012 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kümmel, W. F. (1977). Musik und Medizin. Ihre Wechselbeziehungen in Theorie und Praxis von 800 bis 1800 [Music and Medicine. Interplays and Interrelationships of Theory and Practice from 800 until 1800]. Freiburg, Germany: Verlag Karl Alber. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lasanthi Manaranjanie, K. D. (2010). Therapeutic aspects of South Asian musics: Case studies from Sri Lanka and North India (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Arts, Department of Musicology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lasanthi Manaranjanie, K. D. (2013). Music and healing rituals of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: S. Godage & Brothers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lecourt, E. (2004). The psychic functions of music. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 13, 154 – 160. doi: 10.1080/08098130409478112 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Liao, J., Yang, Y. F., Cohen, L., Zhao, Y. C., & Xu, Y. (2013). Effects of Chinese medicine five-element music on the quality of life for advanced cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial. Chinese Journal of Integrated Medicine, 19, 736 – 740. doi: 10.1007/s11655-013-1593-5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Liu, X., Niu, X., Feng, Q., & Liu, Y. (2014). Effects of five-element music therapy on elderly people with seasonal affective disorder in a Chinese nursing home. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 34, 159 – 161. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Maratos, A. S., Gold, C., Wang, X., & Crawford, M. J. (2008). Music therapy for depression. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 23(1), CD004517. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub2 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370 – 396. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Maslow, A. H. (1962). Towards a psychology of being. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Maslow, A. H. (1970a). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper & Row. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Maslow, A. H. (1970b). Religions, values, and peak experiences. New York, NY: Penguin. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mastnak, W. (1992). Sound focusing. Therapie durch Stimme und gezielte Körperresonanz [Sound Focusing. Therapy with voice and body-resonance]. Musiktherapeutische Umschau, 13, 30 – 47. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mastnak, W. (2000). Sound Work. Therapie mit Stimme und Körper [Sound Work: Therapy using voice and body]. Musik-, Tanz- und Kunsttherapie, 11, 119 – 125. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Mastnak, W. (2013). Subatomare Bewusstheit und Musiktherapie. Quantenphysikalische Hypothesen zur psychosomatischen Wirkung von Musik [Subatomic consciousness and music therapy: From quantum physical hypotheses to psychosomatic effects of music]. Musik-, Tanz- und Kunsttherapie, 24, 174 – 187. doi: 10.1026/0933-6885/a000145 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Mastnak, W., & Kantor, J. (2014). Muzikoterapie [Music therapy]. In O. MüllerEd., Terapie ve specialní pedagogice [Therapy in Special Education] (pp. 267 – 331). Prague, Czech Republic: Grada. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mössler, K. (2010, May). Pioneer generation–preparadigmatic phase. In E. Fitzthum & K. Mössler, From the Fin de sciècle until nowadays. Music therapeutic theory construction in Vienna. Paper presented at the 8th European Congress of Music Therapy in Cádiz, Spain. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Mössler, K. (2011). I am a psychotherapeutically oriented music therapist: Theory construction and its influence on professional identity and formation under the example of the Viennese School of Music Therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 20, 155 – 184. doi: 10.1080/08098131003768115 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mössler, K., Chen, X., Heldal, T. O., & Gold, C. (2011). Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD004025. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004025.pub3 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Münte, T. F., Altenmüller, E., & Jäncke, L. (2002). The musician’s brain as a model of neuroplasticity. Nature Reviews, Neuroscience, 3, 473 – 478. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Naughton, J. (2014). From Gutenberg to Zuckerberg: Disruptive innovation in the age of the Internet. London, UK: Quercus. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Nombela, C., Hughes, L. E., Owen, A. M., & Grahn, J. A. (2013). Into the groove: Can rhythm influence Parkinson’s disease? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(10 Pt 2), 2564 – 2570. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.003 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Orff, G. (1974). Die Orff-Musiktherapie. Aktive Förderung der Entwicklung des Kindes [Orff Music Therapy: Active Furthering of the Development of the Child]. Munich, Germany: Kindler Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Orff, G. (1984). Schlüsselbegriffe der Orff-Musiktherapie [Key Concepts in the Orff Music Therapy: Definitions and Examples]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Panigrahi, A., Sohani, S., Amadi, C., & Joshi, A. (2014). Role of music in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A literature review. Technology and Health Care, 22(1), 53 – 61. doi: 10.3233/THC-130773 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Plato (1925). Plato in twelve volumes (Vol. 9) (W. R. M. Lamb, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pontvik, A. (1948). Grundgedanken zur psychischen Heilwirkung der Musik–unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Musik von J. S. Bach [Basic thoughts upon the psycho-curative effects of music. A special focus on the music of J. S. Bach]. Zurich, Switzerland: Rascher. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pontvik, A. (1955). Heilen durch Musik [Healing Through Music]. Zurich, Switzerland: Rascher. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pontvik, A. (1962). Heilen durch Musik [Healing Through Music]. Zurich, Switzerland: Rascher. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Popper, K. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Abingdon, UK: Routledge & Kegan. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Potvin, N. (2013). Spiritual belief as a predictor of theoretical orientation in music therapists. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 22, 25 – 45. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2012.690443 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Prins, J. (2006). Musical therapy in Marsilio Ficono’s Compendium in Timaeum [in Dutch]. Gewina, 29 (1), 41 – 52. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Prum, R.O. (2012). Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin’s really dangerous idea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 367(1600), 2253 – 2265. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0285 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Raglio, A., Attardo, L., Gontero, G., Rollino, S., Groppo, E., & Granieri, E. (2015). Effects of music and music therapy on mood in neurological patients. World Journal of Psychiatry, 5(1), 68 – 78. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.68 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rauschecker, J. P. (1999). Auditory cortical plasticity: a comparison with other sensory systems. Trends in Neurosciences, 22(2), 74 – 80. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rauscher, F. H., Robinson, K. D., & Jens, J. J. (1998). Improved maze learning through early music exposure in rats. Neurological Research, 20, 427 – 432. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Raynaud, G. (Ed.). (1891). Œuvres complètes de Eustache Deschamps [The Complete Works of Eustache Deschamps] (Vol. 7, pp. 266 – 292). Paris, France: Librairie de Firmin Didot. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Reybrouck, M., & Brattico, E. (2015). Neuroplasticity beyond sounds: Neural adaptations following long-term musical aesthetic experiences. Brain Sciences, 5(1), 69 – 91. doi: 10.3390/brainsci5010069 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rickard, N. S., Toukhsati, S. R., & Field, S. E. (2005). The effect of music on cognitive performance: Insight from neurobiological and animal studies. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 4, 235 – 261. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rodriguez-Fornells, A., Rojo, N., Amengual, J. L., Ripollés, P., Altenmüller, E. & Münte, T. F. (2012). The involvement of audio-motor coupling in the music-supported therapy applied to stroke patients. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252, 282 – 293. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06425.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosen, D. H. (2002). Transforming depression: Healing the soul through creativity. Lake Worth, FL: Hays Nicolas. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Saunders, J. (2015). Doing good medical ethics: A Christian perspective. Journal of Medical Ethics, 41(1), 117 – 120. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102369 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schlaug, G., Jäncke, L., Huang, Y., Staigler, J. F., & Steinmetz, H. (1995). Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia, 33, 1047 – 1055. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmid, W. (2014). A penguin on the moon: Self-organizational processes in improvisational music therapy in neurological rehabilitation. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 23, 152 – 172. doi:10.1080(08098131.2013.783096 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schmölz, A. (1982). Wiener Schule der integrierten Musiktherapie [The Viennese School of Integrated Music Therapy]. Musiktherapeutische Umschau, 3, 299 – 307. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schmölz, A. (1987). Die Wiener Schule der Musiktherapie [The Viennese School of Music Therapy]. Musiktherapeutische Umschau, 8, 242 – 258. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Scholz, D. S., Rhode, S., Großbach, M., Rollnik, J., & Altenmüller, E. (2015). Moving with music for stroke rehabilitation: A sonification feasibility study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337, 69 – 76. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12691 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schwabe, C. (1967). Untersuchungen über Entwicklung und Stand der Musiktherapie [Studies on the Development and the Status Quo of Music Therapy]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schwabe, C. (1982). Musiktherapie in der Neurosentherapie. [Music therapy in the treatment of neuroses]. In G. HarrerEd., Grundlagen der Musiktherapie und Musikpsychologie [Essentials of Music Therapy and Music Psychology] (pp. 233 – 244). Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schwabe, C. (1987). Regulative Musiktherapie [Regulatory Music Therapy]. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Schwabe, C. (2005). Resource-oriented music therapy–the development of a concept. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 14, 49 – 56. doi: 10.1080/08098130509478125 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sheikhi, S., & Saboory, E. (2015). Neuroplasticity changes of rat brain by music stimuli during fetal period. Cell Journal, 16, 448 – 455. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sherratt, K., Thornton, A., & Hatton, C. (2004). Music interventions for people with dementia: A review of the literature. Aging & Mental Health, 8(1), 3 – 12. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Simon, W. C. (1974). Music und Heilkunst. [Music and the Art of Healing]. In W. J. ReversG. HarrerW. C. SimonEds. Neue Wege der Musiktherapie [New Ways of Music Therapy] (pp. 9 – 16). Düsseldorf, Germany: Econ. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Smeijsters, H. (2008). In defense of the person–limitations of an aesthetic theory of music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 17, 19 – 24. doi: 10.1080/08098130809478192 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Smeijsters, H. (2012). Analogy and metaphor in music therapy. Theory and practice. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 21, 227 – 249. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2011.649299 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stegemöller, E. L. (2014). Exploring a neuroplasticity model for music therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 51, 211 – 227. doi: 10.1093/jmt/thu023. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stige, B. (2001). Beyond objectivism and relativism? Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 10, 2. doi:10.1080/08098130109478011 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stige, B. (2008). The aesthetic of multiple aesthetics? Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 17, 25 – 29. doi: 10.1080/08098130809478193 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Stuckey, H. L., & Nobel, J. (2010). The connection between art, healing, and public health: A review of current literature. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 254 – 263. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tollefsbol, T. O. (2011). Epigenetics: The new science of genetics. In T. O. TollefsbolEd., Handbook of epigenetics. The new molecular and medical genetics. London, UK: Academic Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tucek, G. (1977). Music therapy in medical science of Islamic countries–a historical survey. Musik-, Tanz- und Kunsttherapie, 8, 69 – 72. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tucek, G., Zoderer, I., Simon, P., Sobotka, M., & Wenzel, C. (2014). Grundideen des “Kremser Modells der Musiktherapie” im Spiegel der Feldpartitur. [Basic ideas of the ‘Krems Model of Music Therapy’ in the light of the field score]. In C. MoritzEd.. Transkription von Video- und Filmdaten in der Qualitativen Sozialforschung [Transcriptions from video- and film-data in qualitative sociological research] (pp. 233 – 249). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tucek, G. K., & Mastnak, W. (1998). Music therapy of the Central Asian Turkic peoples. In C. E. Gottschalk-BatschkusC. RätschEds., Ethnotherapies. Therapeutic Concepts in Transcultural Comparison (pp. 97 – 100, special Issue 14). Berlin, Germany: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung VWB. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Tüpker, R. (2004). Morphological music therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 13, 82 – 92. doi: 10.1080/08098130409478103 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Tüpker, R. (2007). Listening to music as “gestalt”. In I. Frohe-HagemannEd., Receptive music therapy: Theory and practice (pp. 17 – 31). Wiesbaden, Germany: Reichert Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Uhlhaas, P. J., & Singer, W. (2011). Brain evolution and cognition: Psychosis as evolutionary cost for complexity and cognition in humans. In W. WelschW. SingerA. WunderEds. Interdisciplinary anthropology. Continuing evolution of man (pp. 1 – 18). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ukkola, L. T., Onkamo, P., Raijas, P., Karma, K., & Järvelä, I. (2009). Musical aptitude is associated with AVPR1 A-haplotypes. PloSOne, 4(5), e5534. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005534 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wan, C. Y., & Schlaug, G. (2010). Music making as a tool for promoting brain plasticity across the life span. The Neuroscientist, 16, 566 – 577. doi: 10.1177/1073858410377805 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wang, C. F., Sun, Y. L., & Zang, H. X. (2014). Music therapy improves sleep quality in acute and chronic sleep disorders: A meta-analysis of 10 randomized studies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 51 – 62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.03.008 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Watson, T. (2013). Inner spirit: Investigating how music therapists’ experiences of their spirituality may be relevant to their work. British Journal of Music Therapy, 27(2), 40 – 51. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Willms, H. (1982). Musiktherapie bei psychotischen Erkrankungen [Music therapy in psychotic diseases]. In G. HarrerEd., Grundlagen der Musiktherapie und Musikpsychologie [Essentials of Music Therapy and Music Psychology] (pp. 223 – 232). Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wittwer, J. E., Webster, K. E., & Hill, K. (2013). Rhythmic auditory cuing to improve walking in patients with neurological conditions other than Parkinson’s disease–what is the evidence? Disability and Rehabilitation, 35, 164 – 176. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.690495 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Witzke, J., Rhone, R. A., Backhaus, D., & Shaver, N. A. (2008). How sweet the sound: research evidence for the use of music in Alzheimer’s dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 34(10), 45 – 52. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wu, S. (2001). Musical Qigong: Ancient Chinese healing art from a modern master. Dumont, NJ: Homa & Sekey Books. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Zhang, J. M., Wang, P., Yao, J. X., Zhao, L., Davis, M. P., Walsh, D., & Yue, G. H. (2012). Music interventions for psychological and physical outcomes in cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Supportive Care in Cancer, 20, 3043 – 3053. doi:10.10.1007/s00520-12-1606-5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar