Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Next article
Originalia

Simuliertes Glücksspiel

Analyse und Synthese empirischer Literaturbefunde zu Spielen in internetbasierten sozialen Netzwerken, in Form von Demoversionen sowie Computer- und Videospielen

Published Online:March 30, 2016https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000144

Abstract

Zusammenfassung. In internetbasierten sozialen Netzwerken, in Form von Demoversionen kommerzieller Spielangebote sowie Computer- und Videospielen erfreuen sich simulierte Glücksspiele, die aufgrund fehlender Geldeinsätze die formal-juristischen Kriterien für ein Glücksspiel nicht erfüllen und damit bspw. keinen Altersrestriktionen unterliegen, wachsender Beliebtheit. Ziel des Beitrages ist es, die mutmaßlichen gesundheitsrelevanten Gefährdungspotenziale dieser Spielformen durch eine Literaturrecherche aufzuzeigen, den aktuellen Kenntnisstand anhand der vorliegenden empirischen Befunde systematisch zusammenzufassen sowie mögliche Forschungslücken zu identifizieren. Die Datenbanken PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo und Web of Science wurden anhand relevanter Schlagwörter nach peer-reviewten, empirischen Beiträgen durchsucht und um Dissertationen und Marktanalysen ergänzt. Insgesamt sind 56 Fundstellen in die Analyse eingeflossen. Querschnittbefragungen aus verschiedenen Ländern bestätigen die Attraktivität der Angebote, insbesondere für Kinder und Jugendliche. Während spielimmanente Faktoren wie gesteuerte Spielausgänge offenbar die Spiellust und kognitive Verzerrungsmuster fördern, bestätigt eine erste Längsschnittstudie den prädiktiven Wert von Mikrotransaktionen für den Umstieg von simuliertem zu klassischem Glücksspiel. Derartige Migrationsprozesse werden durch gezielte Werbung noch verstärkt. Ob von der Einbindung sozialer Komponenten risikoerhöhende Effekte ausgehen, muss zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt offen bleiben. Weitere Befunde liegen zu Teilnahmemotiven, Konsummustern, Komorbiditäten und potentiellen Positiveffekten vor. Die Erhebung empirischer Daten zu psychosozialen Auswirkungen simulierter Glücksspiele stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe zukünftiger Forschung dar, um wissenschaftlich abgesicherte Forderungen zu notwendigen Präventions- und Regulierungsmaßnahmen dieser Angebote aufstellen zu können.


Simulated Gambling: Analysis and Synthesis of Empirical Findings on Games in Internet-Based Social Networks, in the Form of Demo Versions, and Computer and Video Games

Abstract. Simulated gambling in internet-based social networks, in the form of demo versions of gambling, and computer and video games enjoy growing popularity. Lacking monetary stakes, these forms of games do not fulfill the legal criteria for gambling and thus are not, for example, subject to age restrictions. This article aims at illustrating the presumably health-relevant risk potential of simulated gambling by means of a systematic literature review, summarizing the current knowledge based on empirical findings and identifying potential research gaps. The databases PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed, empirical articles with relevant keywords and complemented by dissertations and market analyses. In sum, 56 references are included in the analysis. While certain game features, for example, operator-controlled game outcomes, enhance the passion for playing and cognitive bias, an initial longitudinal study confirms the predictive value of microtransactions for the migration from simulated to real gambling. Targeted advertising increases the migration process. However, to date, the question of whether the involvement of social components has risk-increasing effects remains unanswered. Further findings related to participation motives, consumption patterns, and comorbidity are also summarized. The collection of empirical data on the impact of simulated gambling represents an important aspect of future research to delineate scientific-based prevention and regulatory measures for these games.

Literatur

  • Ahn, J. (2011). The effect of social network sites on adolescent’s social and academic development: Current theories and controversies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62, 1435 – 1445. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • American Psychiatric Association (2015). Diagnostisches und Statistisches Manual Psychischer Störungen DSM-5. Deutsche Ausgabe herausgegeben von Peter Falkai und Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Bednarz, J., Delfabbro, P. & King, D. (2013). Practice makes poorer: Practice gambling modes and their effects on real-play in simulated roulette. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 11, 381 – 395. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Boyd, D. M. & Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210 – 230. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bramley, S. & Gainsbury, S. (2015). The role of auditory features within slot-themed social casino games and online slot machine games. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 1735 – 1751. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA). (2012). Glücksspielverhalten und Glücksspielsucht in Deutschland 2007, 2009 und 2011: Ergebnisse aus drei repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragungen. Köln: BZgA. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Burroughs, B. (2014). Facebook and FarmVille: A digital ritual analysis of social gaming. Games and Culture: A Journal of Interactive Media, 9 (3), 151 – 166. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Caldo, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Mom, dad it’s only a game! perceived gambling and gaming behaviors among adolescents and young adults: An exploratory study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 772 – 794. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Chappell, D., Eatough, V., Davies, M. N. O. & Griffiths, M. (2006). EverQuest–It’s just a computer game right? An interpretative phenomenological analysis of online gaming addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 4, 205 – 216. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Choi, H., Choi, E. & Song, S. (2014). The structure of affection descriptors for social network game: Case study of CityVille on Facebook. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 68, 375 – 389. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Derevensky, J. L., Gainsbury, S., Gupta, R. & Ellery, M. (2013). Play-for-fun/social-casino gambling: An examination of our current knowledge. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from https://www.manitobagamblingresearch.com/system/files/private/Full%20Report%20-Play%20For%20Fun%20Social%20Casino%20Gambling-%20An%20Examination%20of%20Our%20Current%20Knowledge.pdf. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Domahidi, E., Festl, R. & Quandt, T. (2014). To dwell among gamers: Investigating the relationship between social online game use and gaming-related friendships. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 107 – 115. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Downs, C. (2010). Young people playing with risk: Social networking and the normalisation of gambling behaviours. Leisure Studies Association, 109, 25 – 47. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dreier, M., Wölfling, K., Duven, E., Beutel, M. E., Müller, K. W. & Giralt, S. (2013). Eine detaillierte Charakterisierung von Browsergamern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Monetarisierung dieses Spielgenres. Suchttherapie, 14 (S 01), S_50_3; DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1351597. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Frahn, T., Delfabbro, P. H. & King, D. L. (2015). Exposure to free-play modes in simulated online gaming increases risk-taking in monetary gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 1531 – 1543. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fu, W. & Yu, C. K.-C. (2015). Predicting disordered gambling with illusory control, gaming preferences, and internet gaming addiction among Chinese youth. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 13, 391 – 401. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gainsbury, S., Hing, N., Delfabbro, P. H., Dewar, G. & King, D. L. (2015). An exploratory study of interrelationships between social casino gaming, gambling, and problem gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 13, 136 – 153. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gainsbury, S., Hing, N., Delfabbro, P. H. & King, D. L. (2014). A taxonomy of gambling and casino games via social media and online technologies. International Gambling Studies, 14, 196 – 213. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gainsbury, S., Russel, A. & Hing, N. (2014). An investigation of social casino gaming among land-based and internet gamblers: A comparison of socio-demographic characteristics, gambling and co-morbidities. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 126 – 135. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gandolfo, A. & Debonis, V. (2014). Motivations for gambling and the choice between skill and luck gambling products: An exploratory study. Discussion Paper n. 185, Università di Pisa. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ghuman, D. & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). A cross-genre study of online gaming: Player demographics, motivation for play, and social interactions among players. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2, 13 – 29. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Gambling on Facebook: A cause for concern? World Online Gambling Law Report, 9, 10 – 11. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Adolescent gambling via social networking sites: A brief overview. Education and Health, 31, 84 – 87. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. & Light, B. (2008). Social networking and digital gaming media convergence: Classification and its consequences for appropriation. Information Systems Frontiers, 10, 447 – 459. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D. & Parke, J. (2010). Adolescent gambling on the Internet: A review. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 22, 58 – 75. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D. & Wood, R., (2007). Adolescent Internet Gambling: Preliminary results of a national survey. Education and Health, 25(2), 23 – 27. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Groves, S. J., Skues, J. L. & Wise, L. Z. (2014). Assessing the potential risks associated with Facebook game use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12, 670 – 685. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gupta, R., Derevensky, J. & Wohl, M. (2013). A qualitative examination of online gambling, culture among college students: Factors influencing participation, maintenance and cessation. Paper presented at the 15th International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking, Las Vegas, NV. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gutierrez, D. (2012). Social gaming and gambling convergence: Threat, opportunity, or just a hype? Presentation given at the 11th European iGaming Congress, Barcelona, Spain. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Haagsma, M. C., Caplan, S. E., Peters, O. & Pieterse, M. E. (2013). A cognitive-behavioral model of problematic online gaming in adolescents aged 12 – 22 years. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 202 – 209. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hardoon, K. K. & Derevensky, J. L. (2001). Social influences involved in children’s gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17, 191 – 215. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hayer, T. (2012). Jugendliche und glücksspielbezogene Probleme: Risikobedingungen, Entwicklungsmodelle und Implikationen für präventive Handlungsstrategien. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hou, J. (2011). Uses and gratifications of social games: Blending social networking and game play. First Monday, 16 (7), Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3517/3020. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hsiao, C. C. & Chiou, J. S. (2012). The effects of a player’s network centrality on resource accessibility, game enjoyment, and continuance intention: A study on online gaming communities. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 11, 75 – 84. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Humphreys, A. & Latour, K. A. (2013). Framing the game: Assessing the impact of cultural representations on consumer perceptions of legitimacy. Journal of Consumer Research, 40, 773 – 795. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Information Solutions Group (2011). PopCap Games Social Gaming Research. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ipsos MORI, (2009). British survey of children, the National Lottery and Gambling 2008 – 09. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://www.natlotcomm.gov.uk/assets-uploaded/documents/Children%20and%20gambling%20-FINAL%20VERSION%20140709.pdf. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ipsos MORI, (2012). Underage gambling in England and Wales: Research conducted by Ipsos on behalf of the National lottery Commission. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/publications/1502/Underage-Gambling-in-England-and-Wales.aspx. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jansz, J. & Martens, L. (2005). Gaming at a LAN event: The social context of playing video games. New Media & Society, 7, 333 – 355. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Jessor, R. (1998). New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior. In R. JessorEd., New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 1 – 10). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Karlsen, F. (2011). Entrapment and near miss: A comparative analysis of psycho-structural elements in gambling games and massively multiplayer online role-playing games. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 193 – 207. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kim, Y. Y., Kim, M. H. & Oh, S. (2013). Emerging factors affecting the continuance of online gaming: The roles of bridging and bonding social factors. Cluster Computing-the Journal of Networks Software Tools and Applications, 17, 849 – 859. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kim, H. S., Wohl, M. J. A., Salmon, M. M., Gupta, R. & Derevensky, J. L. (2015). Do social casino gamers migrate to online gambling? An assessment of migration rate and potential predictors. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 1819 – 1831. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • King, D. L. & Delfabbro, P. H. (2014, September). Simulated gambling via digital and social media in the context of adolescence. Paper presented at the congress of the European Association for the Study of Gambling, Helsinki. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H. & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). The convergence of gambling and digital media: Implications for gambling in young people. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26, 175 – 187. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Kaptsis, D. & Zwaans, T. (2014). Adolescent simulated gambling via digital and social media: An emerging problem. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 305 – 313. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kirman, B., Lawson, S., Linehan, C., Martino, F., Gamberini, L. & Gaggioli, A. (2010). Improving social game engagement on Facebook through enhanced socio-contextual information. Chi2010: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Chi Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vols 1 – 4, 1753 – 1756. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Korn, D., Norman, C. & Reynolds, J. (2010). Youth, gambling and Web 2.0: Towards an understanding of the net generation and how they gamble. Report to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Center. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kowert, R., Domahidi, E., Festl, R. & Quandt, T. (2014). Social gaming, lonely life? The impact of digital game play on adolescents’ social circles. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 385 – 390. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kowert, R., Domahidi, E. & Quandt, T. (2014). The relationship between online video game involvement and gaming-related friendships among emotionally sensitive students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 447 – 453. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kristiansen, S., Jensen, S. M. & Trabjerg, M. C. (2014). Youth gambling as risky business: An examination of risk perception and perception of skill and luck among Danish adolescents. Journal of Gambling Issues, 29, 1 – 22. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lee, Y. H., Ko, C. H. & Chou, C. (2015). Re-visiting Internet addiction among Taiwanese students: A cross-sectional comparison of students’ expectations, online gaming, and online social interaction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 589 – 599. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lee, J., Lee, M. & Choi, I. H. (2012). Social network games uncovered: Motivations and their attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 15, 643 – 648. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lehdonvirta, V. (2009). Virtual item sales as a revenue model: Identifying attributes that drive purchase decisions. Electronic Commerce Research, 9 (1), 97 – 113. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lewis, B. & Porter, L. (2010). In-game advertising effects: Examining player perceptions of advertising schema congruity in a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game. Journal of interactive Advertising, 10 (2), 46 – 60. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lim, S. & Lee, J.-E. (2009). When playing together feels different: effects of task types and social contexts on physiological arousal in multiplayer online gaming contexts. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 59 – 61. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lin, H. & Sun, C.-T. (2011). Cash trade in free-to-play online games. Games and Culture: A Journal of Interactive Media, 6, 270 – 287. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Marshall, D. (2009). Gambling as a public health issue: The critical role of the local environment. Journal of Gambling Issues. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://www.camh.net/egambling/issue23/pdfs/05marshall.pdf. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • McBride, J. & Derevensky, J. (2009). Internet gambling behaviour in a sample of online gamblers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7, 149 – 167. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McBride, J. & Derevensky, J. (2012). Internet gambling and risk-taking among students: An exploratory study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1, 50 – 58. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McMullan, J. L. & Kervin, M. (2012). Selling internet gambling: Advertising, new media and the content of poker promotion. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 622 – 645. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Meyer, G. & Bachmann, M. (2011). Spielsucht: Ursachen, Therapie und Prävention von glücksspielbezogenem Suchtverhalten. Heidelberg: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Miller, C. J. & Howell, G. (2014). A new industry’s profile digital + social + game = Digsogame. A report for the International Social Games Association. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://www.i-sga.org/research. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Morgan Stanley (2012). Social Gambling: Click Here to Play. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://de.slideshare.net/fredericengel/morgan-stanley-blue-paper-social-gambling-click-here-to-playnov-142012. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Müller, K. W., Dreier, M., Duven, E., Giralt, S., Beutel, M. E. & Wölfling, K. (2014). Konsum von Glücksspielen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Verbreitung und Prävention. Mainz: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Ambulanz für Spielsucht. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Müller, K. W. & Wölfling, K. (2011). Computerspiel- und Internetsucht: Diagnostik, Phänomenologie, Pathogenese und Therapie. Suchttherapie, 12, 57 – 63. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Okazaki, S., Skapa, R. & Grande, I. (2008). Capturing global youth: Mobile gaming in the U.S., Spain, and the Czech Republic. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 827 – 855. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Parke, J., Wardle, H., Rigbye, J. & Parke, A. (2012). Exploring social gambling: Scoping, classification and evidence review. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/pdf/Exploring%20social%20gambling%20-%20scoping,%20classification%20and%20evidence%20review%20-%20May%202013.pdf. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Poulin, C. & Elliot, D. (2007). Student drug use survey in the Atlantic provinces. Atlantic technical report. Halifax: Dalhousie University. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Productivity Commission (2010). Gambling, Report No. 50. Canberra: Australian Government. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rooij, A. J. van, Schoenmakers, T. M., Eijnden, R. J. van de & Mheen, D. van de (2010). Compulsive Internet use: The role of online gaming and other internet applications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 51 – 57. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rozendaal, E., Slot, N., Reijmersdal, E. A. van & Buijzen, M. (2013). Children’s responses to advertising in social games. Journal of Advertising, 42, 142 – 154. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Scheithauer, H., Hayer, T. & Niebank, K. (2008). Problemverhaltensweisen und Risikoverhalten im Jugendalter–Ein Überblick. In H. ScheithauerT. HayerK. NiebankHrsg., Problemverhalten und Gewalt im Jugendalter: Erscheinungsformen, Entstehungsbedingungen, Prävention und Intervention (S. 11 – 33). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sévigny, S., Cloutier, M., Pelletier, M-F. & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Internet gambling: Misleading payout rates during the „demo“ period. Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 153 – 158. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shaffer, H. J. & Korn, D. A. (2002). Gambling and related mental disorders: A public health analysis. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 171 – 212. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Söbke, H., Corredor, J. A. & Kornadt, O. (2013). Learning, reasoning and modeling in social gaming. In Z. PanEds: Transactions on Edutainment X, LNCS 7775 (pp. 243 – 258). Berlin: Springer. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Super Data Research (2012). Social Casino Metrics. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://www.superdataresearch.com/social-casino-metrics. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Super Data Research (2013). Social Casino Metrics. Retrieved November 10, 2014, from http://www.superdataresearch.com/social-casino-metrics. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar