Psychological and Cognitive Aspects of Borderline Intellectual Functioning
A Systematic Review
Abstract
Abstract. Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF) refers to a global IQ ranging from 71 to 84, and it represents a condition of clinical attention for its association with other disorders and its influence on the outcomes of treatments and, in general, quality of life and adaptation. Furthermore, its definition has changed over time causing a relevant clinical impact. For this reason, a systematic review of the literature on this topic can promote an understanding of what has been studied, and can differentiate what is currently attributable to BIF from that which cannot be associated with this kind of intellectual functioning. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we have conducted a review of the literature about BIF. The results suggest that this condition is still associated with mental retardation, and only a few studies have focused specifically on this condition.
References
*2010). Working memory and executive function profiles of individuals with borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 448–456. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01281.x
(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
. (*2014). Neurological and intellectual disabilities among adolescents within a custodial institution in South-West Nigeria. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21, 31–38. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12044
(*2008). Speed of processing and reading disability: A cross-linguistic investigation of dyslexia and borderline intellectual functioning. Cognition, 107, 999–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.006
(2006). The impact of intellectual functioning on symptoms and service use in schizophrenia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 288–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00837.x
(2008). The usefulness of Conners’ rating scales-revised in screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52, 950–965. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.01035.x
(*2009). Diagnosis of intellectual disability: Comparison between clinical criteria and automatized procedures. Life Span and Disabilities, XII, 151–159. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.03.015
(*2012). Teenage outcomes after speech and language impairment at preschool age. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 8, 221. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S30106
(*2009). Social information processing in boys with autistic spectrum disorder and mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 922–931. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01204.x
(2010). The mental health of young children with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 579–587. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0100-y
(*2010). Obesity in young children with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning. The International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 5, 320–326. doi: 10.3109/17477160903473713
(*2010). Borderline intellectual functioning and sleep: The role of cyclic alternating pattern. Neuroscience Letters, 485, 89–93. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.062
(*2014). Intellectual disabilities and power spectra analysis during sleep: A new perspective on borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58, 421–429. doi: 10.1111/jir.12036
(2007). Level of intellectual functioning predicts patterns of associated symptoms in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 439–449. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[439:LOIFPP]2.0.CO;2
(2007). Parenting children with borderline intellectual functioning: A unique risk population. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 112, 107–121. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[107:PCWBIF]2.0.CO;2
(2009). Borderline intellectual functioning and the intellectual disability construct. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 47, 386–389. doi: 10.1352/1934-9556-47.5.386
(*2010). Borderline intellectual functioning in children and adolescents – Insufficiently recognized difficulties. Acta Paediatrica, 99, 748–753. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01707.x
(*2009). Brief report: Are children with autism proficient word learners? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 255–259. doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0847-8
(*1997). Long-term follow-up of children with mental retardation/borderline intellectual functioning and ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 287–295. doi: 10.1023/A:1025760302598
(*1998). A playroom observation procedure to assess children with mental retardation and ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 269–277. doi: 10.1023/A:1022654417460
(*2010). The relative risk and timing of divorce in families of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Family Psychology, 24, 449. doi: 10.1037/a0019847
(2011). Prevalence and predictors of suicidal behaviour in a sample of adults with estimated borderline intellectual functioning: Results from a population survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, 380–384. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.002
(2001). Intellectual functioning and outcome of patients with severe psychotic illness randomised to intensive case management report from the UK700 trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 166–171. doi: 10.1192/bjp.178.2.166
(2014). Intellectual disability in young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia – Prevalence and markers. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58, 1004–1014. doi: 10.1111/jir.12109
(*2013). Math practice and its influence on math skills and executive functions in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 1815–1824. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.022
(*2013). Autism in community pre-schoolers: Developmental profiles. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 2900–2908. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.016
(*1998). Current plight of borderline students: Where do they belong? Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 33, 83–94.
(*2005). Acquiring a theory of biology: Knowledge about inheritance in children with lower intelligence. Swiss Journal of Psychology/Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Revue Suisse de Psychologie, 64, 173. doi: 10.1024/1421-0185.64.3.173
(1998). Adolescents with borderline intellectual functioning: Psychopathological risk. Adolescence, 33, 415–424.
(1985). Delivering educational programmes to slow learners. Educational Psychology in Practice, 1, 99–104. doi: 10.1080/0266736850010304
(2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264–269. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
(*1996). Atypical hemispheric specialization in intellectual deficiency. Brain and Language, 52, 474–483. doi: 10.1006/brln.1996.0025
(*2003). Prevalence estimations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Differential diagnoses and comorbidities in a Colombian sample. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 49–71.
(2013). Borderline intellectual functioning: Consensus and good practice guidelines. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition), 6, 109–120. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.12.002
(*2011). Functional deficits in phonological working memory in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 1934–1940. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.022
(*1990). Behavior problems in children with the presenting problem of poor school performance. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, 3–20.
(*2004). Response inhibition in children with conduct disorder and borderline intellectual functioning. Child Neuropsychology, 10, 189–194.
(*2012). Visual orientation in hospitalized boys with early onset conduct disorder and borderline intellectual functioning. Child Neuropsychology, 18, 12–22. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2011.555943
(*2008). Impulsive responses in children with conduct disorder and borderline intellectual functioning. Child Neuropsychology, 14, 187–194. doi: 10.1080/09297040701660283
(*2010). Working memory structure in 10- and 15-year old children with mild to borderline intellectual, disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1258–1263. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.019
(*2010). Effectiveness of a computerised working memory training in adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 433–447. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01285.x
(*2009). Impulse control and aggressive response generation as predictors of aggressive behaviour in children with mild intellectual disabilities and borderline intelligence. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 233–242. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01112.x
(*2009). Social problem-solving and mild intellectual disabilities: Relations with externalizing behavior and therapeutic context. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 114, 42–51.
(*2012). (Social) Cognitive skills and social information processing in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 426–434. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.09.025
(*2012). Disruptive behavior disorders: Multidimensional analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12, 405–417.
(*2010). Motor performance of children with mild intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 955–965. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01318.x
(*2011). Child maltreatment, adolescent attachment style, and dating violence: Considerations in youths with borderline-to-mild intellectual disability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 555576. doi: 10.1007/s11469-011-9321-x
. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
. (*2002). Early-onset Tourette syndrome with reversible autistic behaviour: A dysmaturational disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 18–23. doi: 10.1007/s007870200003
(1996). Testbatterij voor Aandachtsprestaties (TAP)
([Attention Performance Test battery]. Versie 1.02. Handboek . Würselen, Germany: Psytest.