Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Research Article

The Value of the Rorschach Method in Clinical Assessment of Migraine Patients

Published Online:April 29, 2020https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000119

Abstract

Abstract. Approximately 15% of the world’s population suffer from migraine. This affliction is recognized as one of the 20 leading causes of disability globally and therefore constitutes a public health problem. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress are involved in migraine. However, mentalization abilities are considered a protective factor against physical illness. The last study of migraine in adults using the Rorschach test goes back to 2001 in Italy. We propose to update the data in a French sample comparing migraine patients (N = 32) with standards focusing on the mentalizing factors defined by de Tychey, Diwo, and Dollander (2000). The results highlight significant differences between migraine patient functioning in the Rorschach and the general population: There are few representations and affective expression is restricted. Migraine patients have difficulties to mentalize excitations. In conclusion, mentalization-based treatment could be a beneficial intervention for migraine patients.

References

  • Acklin, M. W., & Bernat, E. (1987). Depression, alexithymia, and pain prone disorder: A Rorschach Study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(3), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5103_13 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Aisenstein, M., & Smadja, C. (2010). Conceptual framework from the Paris Psychosomatic School: A clinical psychoanalytic approach to oncology. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91(3), 621–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00256.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ashina, S., Bendtsen, L., Buse, D. C., Lyngberg, A. C., Lipton, R. B., & Jensen, R. (2017). Neuroticism, depression and pain perception in migraine and tension-type headache. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 136(5), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12751 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Auray, J. P. (2006). Impact socio-economique de la migraine et des céphalées en France [Socio-economic impact of migraine and headache in France]. CNS Drugs, 20, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200620001-00006 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Azoulay, C., Emmanuelli, M., Rausch de Traubenberg, N., Corroyer, D., Rozencwajg, P., & Savina, Y. (2007). Les données normatives françaises du Rorschach à l’adolescence et chez le jeune adulte [The French normative data of Rorschach in adolescents and young adults]. Psychologie Clinique et Projective, 13(1), 371–409. https://doi.org/10.3917/pcp.013.0371 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Azoulay, C., Emmanuelli, M., & Rausch de Traubenberg, N. (2012). Nouveau manuel de cotation des formes du Rorschach [New Rorschach shape dimensioning manual]. Paris, France: Dunod. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bailey, P. E., & Henry, J. D. (2007). Alexithymia, somatization and negative affect in a community sample. Psychiatry Research, 150(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.024 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Baldacci, F., Lucchesi, C., Cafalli, M., Poletti, M., Ulivi, M., Vedovello, M., … Gori, S. (2015). Migraine features in migraineurs with and without anxiety–depression symptoms: A hospital-based study. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 132, 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.02.017 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Balottin, L., Mannarini, S., Candeloro, D., Mita, A., Chiappedi, M., & Balottin, U. (2018). Rorschach evaluation of personality and emotional characteristics in adolescents with migraine versus epilepsy and controls. Frontiers in Neurology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00160 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bash, K. W. (1986). Psychosomatic diseases and the Rorschach test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50(3), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5003_3 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Mentalization-based treatment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33(6), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2013.835170 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Belot, R. A., & De Tychey, C. (2015). Mentalisation maternelle et développement somatique du bébé, une étude comparative au Rorschach [Maternal mentalization and somatic development of the baby, a comparative study in Rorschach]. Bulletin de Psychologie Clinique, 539(5), 367–389. https://doi.org/10.3917/bupsy.539.0367 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bermas, H., Najafi, N., & Masafi, S. (2011). A comparison between personality characteristic of the people suffering from migraine headache and personality characteristic of healthy people. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1183–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.230 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bouchard, M.-A., Target, M., Lecours, S., Fonagy, P., Tremblay, L.-M., Schachter, A., & Stein, H. (2008). Mentalization in adult attachment narratives: Reflective functioning, mental states, and affect elaboration compared. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.25.1.47 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bouteloup, M., Belot, R.-A., Bonnet, M., Mariage, A., & Vuillier, F. (2017). Migraine, qualité de l’attachement et mentalisation : étude de la dynamique psychique à partir du cas de Sylvie [Headache, quality of attachment, and mentalization: Study of psychological dynamics in the case of Sylvie]. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 176(9), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2017.06.007 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Chabert, C. (2012). Le Rorschach en clinique adulte: interprétation psychanalytique [Rorschach in adult clinic: Psychoanalytic interpretation]. Paris, France: Dunod. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cohen, K., Auld, F., & Brooker, H. (1994). Is alexithymia related to psychosomatic disorder and somatizing? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(2), 119–127. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Conklin, A., Malone, J., & Fowler, J. (2012). Mentalization and the Rorschach. Rorschachiana, 33, 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000035 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Debbané, M. (2016). Mentaliser: de la théorie à la pratique [Mentalizing: From theory to practice]. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: De Boeck Superieur. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • De Tychey, C., & Bacqué, M. F. (1995). Approche comparée de la mentalisation à travers le test de Rorschach chez des malades somatiques, héroïnomanes et chez des patients névrotiques [Comparative approach to mentalization through the Rorschach test in somatic patients, heroin addicts, and in neurotic patients]. In Actes du 14ème congrès international du Rorschach et des méthodes projectives, Lisbonne, (pp. 611–626). First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • De Tychey, C., Diwo, R., & Dollander, M. (2000). La mentalisation: approche théorique et clinique projective à travers le test de Rorschach [Mentalization: Theoretical and projective clinical approach with the Rorschach test]. Bulletin de psychologie, 53/4(448), 469–480. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • De Tychey, C., Huckel, C., Rivat, M., & Claudon, P. (2012). Nouvelles normes adultes du test de Rorschach et évolution sociétale: quelques réflexions [New adult standards of the Rorschach test and societal evolution: Some reflections]. Bulletin de psychologie, Numéro, 521(5), 453. https://doi.org/10.3917/bupsy.521.0453 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Debray, R. (1991). Réflexions actuelles sur le développement psychique des bébés et le point de vue du psychanalyste [Current reflections on the psychic development of babies and the point of view of the psychoanalyst]. Revue Française de Psychosomatique, 1, 41–57. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Debray, R. (1998). Somatic expression in the father-mother-child triad. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis, 7(4), 555–576. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Debray, R. (2016). Épître à ceux qui somatisent [Epistle to those who somatize]. Paris, France: P.U.F. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Brüne, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2011). Mental state understanding in adult psychiatric disorders: Impact on symptoms, social functioning and treatment. Psychiatry Research, 190(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.005 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Esposito, M., Messina, A., Monda, V., Bitetti, I., Salerno, F., Precenzano, F., … Carotenuto, M. (2017). The Rorschach test evaluation in chronic childhood migraine: A preliminary multicenter case-control study. Frontiers in Neurology, 8, 680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00680 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Flahault, C. (2010). Psychological assessment of two adolescents with cystic fibrosis awaiting lung transplants: The value of Rorschach (Comprehensive System). Rorschachiana, 31(2), 172–191. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000010 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Flanagan, R. (2006). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (4th ed.). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282905285790 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fonagy, P. (Ed.). (2007). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. London, UK: Karnac. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Galli, F., Caputi, M., Sances, G., Vegni, E., Bottiroli, S., Nappi, G., & Tassorelli, C. (2017). Alexithymia in chronic and episodic migraine: A comparative study. Journal of Mental Health, 26(3), 192–196. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2015.1124404 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Géraud, G., Fabre, N., Lantéri-Minet, M., & Valade, D. (2010). Les céphalées en 30 leçons [Headache in 30 lessons]. Issy-les-Moulineaux: Elsevier Masson. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Goli, Z., Asghari, A., & Moradi, A. (2016). Effects of mood induction on the pain responses in patients with migraine and the role of pain catastrophizing: Effects of mood induction on pain and the role of pain catastrophizing. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 23(1), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1939 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Grutta, S. L., Epifanio, M. S., Iozia, N. M., Marino, A., & Baido, R. L. (2018). Il metodo Rorschach per la valutazione dell’obesità: studio clinico su un gruppo di donne obese [The Rorschach method for assessing obesity: Clinical study on a group of obese women]. Rivista di Psichiatria, 53, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1708/2866.28924 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gubb, K. (2013). Psychosomatics today : A review of contemporary theory and practice. The Psychoanalytic Review, 100(1), 103–142. https://doi.org/10.1521/prev.2013.100.1.103 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. (2013). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia, 33(9), 629–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Holroyd, K., & Drew, J. (2006). Behavioral approaches to the treatment of migraine. Seminars in Neurology, 26(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-939920 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hosoi, M., Molton, I. R., Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Amtmann, S., OʼBrien, S., … Kubo, C. (2010). Relationships among alexithymia and pain intensity, pain interference, and vitality in persons with neuromuscular disease: Considering the effect of negative affectivity. Pain, 149(2), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.012 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Huber, D., & Henrich, G. (2003). Personality traits and stress sensitivity in migraine patients. Behavioral Medicine, 29(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280309596169 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Invernizzi, G., Gala, C., Buono, M., Cittone, L., Tavola, T., & Conte, G. (1989). Neurotic traits and disease duration in headache patients. Cephalalgia, 9(3), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1989.0903173.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • INSEE. (n.d.). État matrimonial légal des personnes selon le sexe: Données annuelles de 2006 à 2018 [Legal marital status of people by sex: Annual data from 2006 to 2018]. Retrieved from https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2381496#graphique-Tableau1 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kentle, R. (1997). Elements of neuroticism in relation to headache symptomatology. Psychological Reports, 80(1), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.227 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kostogianni, N. (2010). The Rorschach in planning treatment of alcohol addiction patients: Two clinical case studies with the Comprehensive System. Rorschachiana, 31(2), 192–222. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000011 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Lantéri-Minet, M., Radat, F., Chautard, M.-H., & Lucas, C. (2005). Anxiety and depression associated with migraine: Influence on migraine subjectsʼ disability and quality of life, and acute migraine management. Pain, 118(3), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.010 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lantéri-Minet, M., Massiou, H., Nachit-Ouinekh, F., Lucas, C., Pradalier, A., Radat, F., … Hasnaoui, A. E. (2007). The GRIM2005 Study of Migraine Consultation in France I. Determinants of consultation for migraine headache in France. Cephalalgia, 27(12), 1386–1397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01426.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lantéri-Minet, M., Valade, D., Géraud, G., Chautard, M., & Lucas, C. (2005). Migraine and probable migraine – Results of FRAMIG 3, a French nationwide survey carried out according to the 2004 IHS Classification. Cephalalgia, 25(12), 1146–1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00977.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Löf, J., Clinton, D., Kaldo, V., & Rydén, G. (2018). Symptom, alexithymia and self-image outcomes of Mentalisation-based treatment for borderline personality disorder: A naturalistic study. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1699-6 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lucas, C., Lantéri-Minet, M., Massiou, H., Nachit-Ouinekh, F., Pradalier, A., Mercier, F., … Radat, F. (2007). The GRIM2005 Study of Migraine Consultation in France II. Psychological factors associated with treatment response to acute headache therapy and satisfaction in migraine. Cephalalgia, 27(12), 1398–1407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01446.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Marty, P. (2007). La psychosomatique de l’adulte [Adult psychosomatics]. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France. Retrieved from http://www.cairn.info/la-psychosomatique-de-l-adulte–9782130547358.htm First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Marty, P. (2008). Aspect psychodynamique de l’étude clinique de quelques cas de céphalalgies [Psychodynamic aspect of the clinical study of some cases of headache]. Revue française de psychosomatique, (34), 7–43. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mattila, A. K., Kronholm, E., Jula, A., Salminen, J. K., Koivisto, A.-M., Mielonen, R.-L., & Joukamaa, M. (2008). Alexithymia and somatization in general population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(6), 716–722. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31816ffc39 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Lane, R. D., Maeda, M., Mori, T., Nemoto, K., … Komaki, G. (2006). Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind: An fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia. NeuroImage, 32(3), 1472–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.186 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Neyal Muftuoglu, M., Herken, H., Demirci, H., Virit, O., & Neyal, A. (2004). Alexithymic features in migraine patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 254(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-004-0466-5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Piper, W. E., & Joyce, A. S. (2011). Effect of alexithymia on the process and outcome of psychotherapy: A programmatic review. Psychiatry Research, 190(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.026 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Panek, P. E., Skowronski, J. J., & Wagner, E. E. (2002). Differences on the projective hand test among chronic pain patients reporting three different pain experiences. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7902_07 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pholien, P., Timsit, M., Timsit-Berthier, M., Schoenen, J., & Maertens, A. (1985). Neurophysiological, neuropsychological and projective study on 74 headache sufferers. Cephalalgia, 5(3 Suppl.), 242–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024850050S390 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Pizza, V., Spitaleri, D. L. A., & Colucci d’Amato, C. (2001). The personality profile and alexithymic syndrome in primary headache: A Rorschach study. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 2(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012184 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Porcelli, P. (2004). Psychosomatic medicine and the Rorschach test. Madrid, Spain: Psimatica. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Porcelli, P. (2010). Rorschach comprehensive system predictors of biopsychological distress in patients with chronic disease. Rorschachiana, 31(2), 143–171. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000009 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Porcelli, P., & Kleiger, J. H. (2016). The “Feeling of Movement”: Notes on the Rorschach human movement response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1102146 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rappaport, D., Gill, M., & Schafer, R. (1946). Diagnostic psychological testing (Vols. 1 and 2). Chicago, IL: Yearbook Publishers. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rebourg, C., De Tychey, C., & Vivot, M. (1991). Etude comparée des conceptions de l’imaginaire et de la mentalisation : réflexion sur leur opérationnalisation au test du Rorschach [Comparative study of the conceptions of imagination and mentalization: Reflection on their operationalization in the Rorschach test]. Bulletin de la Société française du Rorschach et des méthodes projectives, 35, 45–66. https://doi.org/10.3406/clini.1991.958 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Richelle, J. (2017). Manuel du test du Rorschach [Rorschach test manual] (2nd ed.). Louvain-la-Neuve, France: De Boeck Supérieur. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Riem, M. M. E., Doedée, E. N. E. M., Broekhuizen-Dijksman, S. C., & Beijer, E. (2018). Attachment and medically unexplained somatic symptoms: The role of mentalization. Psychiatry Research, 268, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.056 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rorschach, H. (1921). Psychodiagnostic. Paris, France: Presse Universitaire de France. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ross, D., & McNaughton, F. (1945). Objective personality studies in migraine by means of the Rorschach method. Psychosomatic Medicine, 7(2), 73–79. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosso, A., Camoirano, A., & Schiaffino (2015). Are individuals in Rorschach nonpatients samples truly psychologically healthy? Data of a sample of 212 adults nonpatients from Italy. Rorschachiana, 23, 112–155. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000052 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Sacks, O. W. (1986). Migraine: comprendre un trouble commun [Migraine: Understanding a common disorder]. Paris, France: Ed. du Seuil. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Scapicchio, P., De Fidio, D., Puca, F., Sciruicchio, V., Nicolodi, M., Canova, S., … Catarci, T. (2000). Chronic daily headache: A Rorschach study. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 1(S1), S57–S60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101940070028 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Steiner, J., Stovner, L., Vos, T., Jensen, R., & Katsarava, Z. (2018). Migraine is first cause of disability in under 50s: Will health politicians now take notice? The Journal of Headache and Pain, 19(17), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-018-0846-2 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sultan, S., & Porcelli, P. (2004). Rorschach et maladies somatiques: Applications et éléments de validité [Rorschach and somatic diseases: Applications and elements of validity]. Psychologie Française, 49(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2003.11.004 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sultan, S. (2010). Rorschach and health psychology: Translational research experiences in health psychology with the Rorschach. Rorschachiana, 31(2), 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000007 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Sultan, S., Jebrane, A., & Heurtier-Hartemann, A. (2002). Rorschach variables related to blood glucose control in insulin-dependent diabetes patients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(1), 122–141. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7901_08 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Timsit, M. (1978). Test de Rorschach et pathologie psychosomatique [Rorschach test and psychosomatic pathology]. Bulletin de la Société française du Rorschach et des méthodes projectives, 31, 11–31. https://doi.org/10.3406/clini.1978.1378 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Timsit, M. (1985). Rorschach movement responses distortion and chronic headache. Cephalalgia, 5(Suppl 3), 240–241. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Timsit, M., Timsit-Berthier, M., Schoenen, J., & Maertens de Noordhout, A. (1987). Intérêt de l’étude de la VCN dans les migraines et les céphalées de tension [Interest of studying VCN in migraine and tension-type headache]. Revue d’Electroencéphalographie et de Neurophysiologie Clinique, 17(3), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-4475(87)80063-1 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Verdon, B., Chabert, C., Azoulay, C., Emmanuelli, M., Neau, F., Vibert, S., & Louët, E. (2014). The dynamics of TAT process. Psychoanalytical and psychopathological perspectives. Rorschachiana, 32, 103–133. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000056 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Weatherby, S., Brown, H., Newman, C., & Noad, R. (2012). Behavioural management of migraine. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 15(5), 78. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.100018 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • World Health Organization. (2017). Headache disorders. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • World Health Organization & Lifting the Burden. (2011). Atlas of headache disorders and resources in the world. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/atlas_headache_disorders/en/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Yamada, K., Moriwaki, K., Oiso, H., & Ishigooka, J. (2011). High prevalence of comorbidity of migraine in outpatients with panic disorder and effectiveness of psychopharmacotherapy for both disorders: A retrospective open label study. Psychiatry Research, 185(1–2), 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.004 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zampieri, M. A. J., Tognola, W. A., & Galego, J. C. B. (2014). Patients with chronic headache tend to have more psychological symptoms than those with sporadic episodes of pain. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 72(8), 598–602. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20140084 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar