Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Original Article

You Can Leave Your Glasses on

Glasses Can Increase Electoral Success

Published Online:December 10, 2018https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000359

Abstract

Abstract. Does wearing glasses hurt or help politicians in elections? Although some research shows that glasses signal unattractiveness, glasses also increase perceptions of competence. In eight studies, participants voted for politicians wearing (photoshopped) glasses or not. Wearing glasses increased politicians’ electoral success in the US (Study 1), independent of their political orientation (Studies 2a and 2b). This positive effect was especially strong when intelligence was important (Study 3), and even occurred if glasses were used strategically (Study 4). However, it did not extend to India (Study 5) due to different cultural associations with glasses (Study 6). Furthermore, while intelligence mediated the effect, warmth did not (Study 7). In summary, wearing glasses can robustly boost electoral success, at least in Western cultures.

References

  • Antonakis, J. & Dalgas, O. (2009). Predicting elections: Child’s play!. Science, 323, 1183. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167748 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Atkinson, M. D., Enos, R. D. & Hill, S. J. (2009). Candidate faces and election outcomes: Is the face-vote correlation caused by candidate selection? Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 4, 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.0000806 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ballew, C. C. & Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 17948–17953. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705435104 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Berggren, N., Jordahl, H. & Poutvaara, P. (2010). The looks of a winner: beauty and electoral success. Journal of Public Economics, 94, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Berggren, N., Jordahl, H. & Poutvaara, P. (2017). The right look: Conservative politicians look better and voters reward it. Journal of Public Economics, 146, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.12.008 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A. & Lenz, G. S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20, 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpr057 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_8 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. New York, NY: Wiley. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). 2013 national health interview survey functioning and disability file [Data file and SPSS code]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/funcdisb2013.htm First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752–766. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Chiao, J. Y., Bowman, N. E. & Gill, H. (2008). The political gender gap: Gender bias in facial inferences that predict voting behavior. PLoS One, 3, e3666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003666 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J.-P., … Ziegler, R. (2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X314935 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York, NY: Harper. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Edwards, K. (1987). Effects of sex and glasses on attitudes toward intelligence and attractiveness. Psychological Reports, 60, 590. https://doi.org/10.1177/003329418706000201 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Elman, D. (1977). Physical characteristics and the perception of masculine traits. The Journal of Social Psychology, 103, 157–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1977.9713308 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Falk, E. & Kenski, K. (2006). Issue saliency and gender stereotypes: Support for women as presidents in times of war and terrorism. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2006.00365.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G. & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Gilens, M. (2012). Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Harris, M. B. (1991). Sex differences in stereotypes of spectacles. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1659–1680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00497.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hasart, J. K. & Hutchinson, K. L. (1993). The effects of eyeglasses on perceptions of interpersonal attraction. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 8, 521–528. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hauser, D. J. & Schwarz, N. (2015). Attentive Turkers: MTurk participants perform better on online attention checks than do subject pool participants. Behavior Research Methods, 48, 400–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0578-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Hellström, Å. & Tekle, J. (1994). Person perception through facial photographs: Effects of glasses, hair, and beard on judgments of occupation and personal qualities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420240606 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hetherington, M. J. (1998). The political relevance of political trust. The American Political Science Review, 92, 791–808. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586304 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ilardi, V. (2007). Renaissance vision from spectacles to telescopes. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jäckle, S. & Metz, T. (2015). Attractiveness, competence or likability? Appearance effects in the 2013 German election. Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Montreal, Canada First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Jamieson, A. (2016). Jeb Bush’s glasses conundrum: Some unsolicited fashion advice. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/20/jeb-bush-no-glasses-fashion-advice First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Karnani, A. G., Garrette, B., Kassalow, J. S. & Lee, M. (2010). Better vision for the poor. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 9, 66–71. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kirby, K. N. & Gerlanc, D. (2013). BootES: An R package for bootstrap confidence intervals on effect sizes. Behavior Research Methods, 45, 905–927. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0330-5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Koch, A., Imhoff, R., Dotsch, R., Unkelbach, C. & Alves, H. (2016). The ABC of stereotypes about groups: Agency/socioeconomic success, conservative–progressive beliefs, and communion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 675–709. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000046 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kunda, Z. & Sinclair, L. (1999). Motivated reasoning with stereotypes: Activation, application, and inhibition. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1001_2 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lammers, J., Gordijn, E. H. & Otten, S. (2009). Iron ladies, men of steel: The effects of gender stereotyping on the perception of male and female candidates are moderated by prototypicality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.505 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Landy, J., Piazza, J. R. & Goodwin, G. (2016). When it’s bad to be friendly and smart: The desirability of sociability and competence depends on morality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1272–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216655984 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Laustsen, L. (2014). Decomposing the relationship between candidates’ facial appearance and electoral success. Political Behavior, 36, 777–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9253-1 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Laustsen, L. & Petersen, M. B. (2015). Does a competent leader make a good friend? Conflict, ideology and the psychologies of friendship and followership. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36, 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.01.001 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Laustsen, L. & Petersen, M. B. (2016). Winning faces vary by ideology: How nonverbal source cues influence election and communication success in politics. Political Communication, 33, 188–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1050565 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Laustsen, L. & Petersen, M. B. (2017). Perceived conflict and leader dominance: Individual and contextual factors behind preferences for dominant leaders. Political Psychology, 38, 1083–1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12403 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lawson, C., Lenz, G. S., Baker, A. & Myers, M. (2010). Looking like a winner: Candidate appearance and electoral success in New Democracies. World Politics, 62, 561–593. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887110000195 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Leder, H., Forster, M. & Gerger, G. (2011). The glasses stereotype revisited. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 70, 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000059 First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Leiner, D. J. (2015). SoSci Survey, (Version 2.6.00-i) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.soscisurvey.com First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Little, A. C., Burriss, R. P., Jones, B. C. & Roberts, S. C. (2007). Facial appearance affects voting decisions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.09.002 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Little, A. C., Roberts, S. C., Jones, B. C. & Debruine, L. M. (2012). The perception of attractiveness and trustworthiness in male faces affects hypothetical voting decisions differently in wartime and peacetime scenarios. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, 2018–2032. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.677048 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lundberg, J. K. & Sheehan, E. P. (1994). The effects of glasses and weight on perceptions of attractiveness and intelligence. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 753–760. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Lupia, A. (1994). Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: Information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections. The American Political Science Review, 88, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944882 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lutz, G. (2010). The electoral success of beauties and beasts. Swiss Political Science Review, 16, 457–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.2010.tb00437.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Manz, W. & Lueck, H. E. (1968). Influence of wearing glasses on personality ratings: Crosscultural validation of an old experiment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 27, 704. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1968.27.3.704 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McCurley, C. & Mondak, J. J. (1995). Inspected by #1184063113: The influence of incumbents’ competence and integrity in US House elections. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 864–885. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Merry, S. (2012). Eye see you: How criminal defendants have utilized the nerd defense to influence jurors’ perceptions. Journal of Law & Policy, 21, 725–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1992.tb00056.x First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Morton, R. & Cameron, C. (1992). Elections and the theory of campaign contributions: A survey and critical analysis. Economics & Politics, 4, 79–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1992.tb00056.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Mullinix, K. J., Leeper, T. J., Druckman, J. N. & Freese, J. (2016). The generalizability of survey experiments. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2, 109–138. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2015.19 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Olivola, C. Y., Sussman, A. B., Tsetsos, K., Kang, O. E. & Todorov, A. (2012). Republicans prefer Republican-looking leaders: Political facial stereotypes predict candidate electoral success among right-leaning voters. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611432770 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Olivola, C. Y., Tingley, D. & Todorov, A. (2018). Republican voters prefer candidates who have conservative‐looking faces: New evidence from exit polls. Political Psychology, 39, 1157–1171. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12489 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Oosterhof, N. N. & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 11087–11092. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805664105 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In R. E. PettyJ. T. CacioppoEds., Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change (pp. 1–24). New York, NY: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pindell, J. (2015). Four-eyes for president. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/02/13/four-eyes-for-president/S8q2IX7pr1MzZLS981qV5J/story.html First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Popkin, S. L. (1991). The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Poutvaara, P. (2014). Facial appearance and leadership: An overview and challenges for new research. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 801–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.08.003 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Poutvaara, P., Jordahl, H. & Berggren, N. (2009). Faces of politicians: Babyfacedness predicts inferred competence but not electoral success. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1132–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.007 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Praino, R., Stockemer, D. & Ratis, J. (2014). Looking good or looking competent? Physical appearance and electoral success in the 2008 congressional elections. American Politics Research, 42, 1096–1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x14532825 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rosar, U., Klein, M. & Beckers, T. (2008). The frog pond beauty contest: Physical attractiveness and electoral success of the constituency candidates at the North Rhine-Westphalia state election of 2005. European Journal of Political Research, 47, 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00720.x First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Rosenberg, S. W., Kahn, S., Tran, T. & Le, M.-T. (1991). Creating a political image: Shaping appearance and manipulating the vote. Political Behavior, 13, 345–367. https://doi.org/10.2307/586121 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rosenberg, S. W. & McCafferty, P. (1987). The image and the vote: Manipulating voters’ preferences. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, 31–47. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B. Jr., Ozono, H., Nakashima, S., Yoshikawa, S. & Watabe, M. (2010). Polling the face: Prediction and consensus across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017673 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sczesny, S. & Kühnen, U. (2004). Meta-cognition about biological sex and gender-stereotypic physical appearance: Consequences for the assessment of leadership competence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203258831 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Shephard, M. & Johns, R. (2008). Candidate image and electoral preference in Britain. British Politics, 3, 324–349. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2008.8 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Spisak, B. R., Blaker, N. M., Lefevre, C. E., Moore, F. R. & Krebbers, K. F. B. (2014). A face for all seasons: Searching for context-specific leadership traits and discovering a general preference for perceived health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 792. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00792 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Spisak, B. R., Dekker, P. H., Krüger, M. & van Vugt, M. (2012). Warriors and peacekeepers: Testing a biosocial implicit leadership hypothesis of intergroup relations using masculine and feminine faces. PLoS One, 7, e30399. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030399 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Spisak, B. R., Homan, A. C., Grabo, A. & van Vugt, M. (2012). Facing the situation: Testing a biosocial contingency model of leadership in intergroup relations using masculine and feminine faces. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.006 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Spisak, B. R., Nicholson, N. & van Vugt, M. (2011). Leadership in organizations: An evolutionary perspective. In G. SaadEd., Evolutionary psychology in the business sciences (pp. 165–190). Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Stratmann, T. (2005). Some talk: Money in politics. A (partial) review of the literature. In W. F. Shughart IIR. D. TollisonEds., Policy challenges and political responses (pp. 135–156). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sussman, A. B., Petkova, K. & Todorov, A. (2013). Competence ratings in US predict presidential election outcomes in Bulgaria. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 771–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.02.003 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Swinford, S. (2013). David Cameron wears glasses in public for first time. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10300348/David-Cameron-wears-glasses-in-public-for-first-time.html First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Terry, R. L. & Krantz, J. H. (1993). Dimensions of trait attributions associated with eyeglasses, men’s facial hair, and women’s hair length. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1757–1769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01064.x First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Terry, R. L. & Kroger, D. L. (1976). Effects of eye correctives on ratings of attractiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 42, 562. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1976.42.2.562 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thompson, E. P., Roman, R. J., Moskowitz, G. B., Chaiken, S. & Bargh, J. A. (1994). Accuracy motivation attenuates covert priming: The systematic reprocessing of social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 474–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.474 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thornton, G. R. (1943). The effect upon judgments of personality traits of varying a single factor in a photograph. The Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 127–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1943.9921704 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thornton, G. R. (1944). The effect of wearing glasses upon judgments of personality traits of persons seen briefly. Journal of Applied Psychology, 28, 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055862 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Goren, A. & Hall, C. C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes. Science, 308, 1623–1626. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110589 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Todorov, A., Olivola, C. Y., Dotsch, R. & Mende-Siedlecki, P. (2015). Social attributions from faces: Determinants, consequences, accuracy, and functional significance. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 519–545. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143831 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • van Vugt, M. (2006). Evolutionary origins of leadership and followership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 354–371. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_5 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • van Vugt, M. (2014). On faces, gazes, votes, and followers: Evolutionary psychological and social neuroscience approaches to leadership. In J. DecetyY. ChristenEds., New frontiers in social neuroscience (pp. 93–110). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • van Vugt, M., Johnson, D. D. P., Kaiser, R. & O’Gorman, R. (2008). Evolution and the social psychology of leadership: The mismatch hypothesis. In C. L. HoytG. R. GoethalsD. R. ForsytheEds., Leadership at the crossroads (Vol. 1, pp. 267–282). Westport, CT: Praeger. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • van Vugt, M. & Ronay, R. (2013). The evolutionary psychology of leadership: Theory, review, and roadmap. Organizational Psychology Review, 4, 74–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386613493635 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Verhulst, B., Lodge, M. & Lavine, H. (2010). The attractiveness halo: Why some candidates are perceived more favorably than others. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34, 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-009-0084-z First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wegner, D. M. & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Control and automaticity in social life. In D. T. GilbertS. T. FiskeG. LindzeyD. T. GilbertS. T. FiskeG. LindzeyEds., The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vols. 1 and 2, pp. 446–496). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Wojciszke, B. & Klusek, B. (1996). Moral and competence-related traits in political perception. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 27, 319–324. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Yzerbyt, V. Y., Schadron, G., Leyens, J.-P. & Rocher, S. (1994). Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.48 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Zebrowitz, L. A. & Montepare, J. M. (2005). Appearance DOES matter. Science, 308, 1565–1566. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1114170 First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar