Skip to main content
Search
Search
    Quick Search anywhere
    Quick search in Citations
Advanced Search
Skip main navigationClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Previous article
Next article
Themenschwerpunkt, Special Issue

Die Wirksamkeit Systemischer Therapie bei Substanzstörungen des Jugend- und Erwachsenenalters

Published Online:April 13, 2010https://doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911/a000009

Abstract

Hintergrund: Systemische (Familien-, Paar-, Gruppen-, Multi-Familien-Gruppen-, Einzel-)Therapie ist in den USA und vielen europäischen Ländern ein anerkanntes und etabliertes Psychotherapieverfahren, in Deutschland jedoch erst seit 2008 wissenschaftlich anerkannt und bisher nur unzureichend in der klinischen Versorgung etabliert. Methode: Über Datenbankrecherchen und Querverweise in Metaanalysen und Reviews wurden alle bis Ende 2008 publizierten kontrollierten, randomisierten (oder parallelisierten) Outcome-Studien zur systemischen Therapie (alle Settings) bei ICD-10-/DSM-IV-Substanzstörungen des Erwachsenen- und des Jugendalters identifiziert und systematisch inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet (Meta-Inhaltsanalyse). Ergebnisse: Es wurden 10 RCT zur systemischen Therapie bei Störungen des Erwachsenenalters und 17 RCT zum Jugendalter identifiziert – trotz internationaler Recherchen ausschließlich englischsprachige Publikationen. Sehr gut belegt ist die Wirksamkeit systemischer Familientherapie bei Substanzstörungen des Jugendalters, insbes. Cannabisstörungen (auch in Kombination mit dissozialen und/oder internalisierenden Störungen). Bei erwachsenen Heroinabhängigen ist ST kombiniert mit Methadonsubstitution nachweislich wirksamer als Methadonsubstitution allein. Weniger überzeugend ist die Evidenz zu Alkoholstörungen im Erwachsenenalter. Die Ergebnisse sind meist zeitlich stabil über Katamnese-Zeiträume von bis zu fünf Jahren. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei Substanzstörungen des Jugendalters ist systemische Therapie weltweit das am besten evaluierte Verfahren. In Bezug auf das Erwachsenenalter sind die Befunde auch positiv, aber weniger umfassend.


The Efficacy of Systemic Therapy for Substance Use Disorders in Adult and Adolescent Index Patients

Background: Systemic therapy (ST) is a well-established psychotherapy approach in the United States and in many European countries, but it has received scientific acknowledgement in Germany rather late (2008). Method: All randomized (or parallelized) controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating systemic family/multifamily group/couples/individual therapy with adolescent or adult index patients published up to the end of 2008 were identified via database searches and cross-references in other meta-analyses and reviews. The RCTs identified were meta-content analyzed. Results: 10 RCTs evaluating the efficacy of systemic therapy with adult index patients and 17 RCTs with adolescent index patients suffering from substance use disorders (ICD-10, DSM-IV) were identified and analyzed. Although we also searched for non-English publications, we could only identify English-language publications. Systemic therapy is efficacious with regard to cannabis use disorders (and comorbid disorders like conduct disorders) in adolescents and heroin dependence in adults (ST combined with methadone substitution is more efficacious than methadone substitution alone). The results are stable across follow-up periods of up to 5 years. Conclusions: The efficacy of ST is well established for adolescent substance use disorders, while the empiric evidence is less convincing for the efficacy of ST among adult alcohol addicts.

*: Primärstudie Erwachsene; **: Primärstudie Jugendliche; ***: Metaanalyse/Cochrane-Review; (***): nicht relevante(r) Metaanalyse/Cochrane-Review.

Literatur

  • Asen, E. (2002). Outcome research in family therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8, 230–238. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Becker, S.J. , Curry, J.F. (2008). Outpatient interventions for adolescent substance abuse: A quality of evidence review. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 76, 531–543. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Bennun, I. (1988). Treating the system or the symptom: Investigating family therapy for alcohol problems. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 16, 165–176. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Beutler, L.E. , Patterson, K. , Jacob, T. , Shoham, V. , Yost, E. , Rohrbaugh, M. (1993). Matching treatment to alcoholism subtypes. Psychotherapy, 30, 463–472. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Budney, A.J. , Roffman, R. , Stephens, R.S. , Walker, D. (2007). Marijuana dependence and its treatment. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 12, 4–16. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Bukstein, O.G. , the Work Group on Quality Issues . (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(Suppl. 10), 140S–156S. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Carr, A. (2009). The effectiveness of family therapy and systemic interventions for adult-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 46–74. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Center for Substance Abuse Prevention . (2000). Strengthening America’s families: Model family programs for substance abuse and delinquency prevention. Department of Health Education, University of Utah, N215 HPER, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Chambless, D.L. , Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Chambless, D.L. , Baker, M.J. , Baucom, D.H. , Beutler, L.E. , Calhoun, K.S. , Chrits-Christoph, P. et al. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies II. Clinical Psychologist, 51, 3–15. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Clingempeel, W.G. , Brett, S.C. , Henggeler, S.W. (2008). Beyond treatment effects: Comorbid psychopathologies and long-term outcomes among substance-abusing delinquents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(1), 29–36. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Copello, A.G. , Templeton, L. , Velleman, R. (2006). Family interventions for drug and alcohol misuse: Is there a best practice? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19, 271–276. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Copello, A.G. , Velleman, R.D. , Templeton, L.J. (2005). Family interventions in the treatment of alcohol and drug problems. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 369–385. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Cottrell, D. , Boston, P. (2002). Practitioner review: The effectiveness of systemic family therapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 43, 573–586. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Dakof, G.A. , Tejeda, M. , Liddle, H.A. (2001). Predictors of engagement in adolescent drug abuse treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 40, 274–281. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Deas, D. (2008). Evidence-based treatments for alcohol use disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics, 121(Suppl. 4), S348–S354. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Deas, D. , Thomas, S. E. (2001). An overview of controlled studies of adolescent substance abuse treatment. American Journal on Addictions, 10, 178–189. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Dennis, M. , Godley, S. H. , Diamond, G. , Tims, F.M. , Babor, T. , Donaldson, J. et al. (2004). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 197–213. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Dennis, M. , Titus, J. , Diamond, G.S. , Donaldson, J. , Godley, S.H. , Tims, F.M. et al. (2002). The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Experiment: Rationale, study design and analysis plans. Addiction, 97(Suppl. 1), 16–34. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Diamond, G.M. , Diamond, G.S. , Hogue, A. (2007). Attachment-based family therapy: Adherence and differentiation. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 33, 177–191. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Diamond, G.S. , Godley, S. H. , Liddle, H.A. , Sampl, S. , Webb, C. , Tims, F.M. et al. (2002), Five outpatient treatment models for adolescent marijuana use: A description of the Cannabis Youth Treatment Interventions. Addiction, 97(Suppl. 1), 46–57. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • ***Edwards, M.E. , Steinglass, P. (1995). Family therapy outcomes for alcoholism. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 21, 475–509. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fals-Stewart, W. , Birchler, G.R. (2001). A national survey of the use of couples therapy in substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20, 277–283. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **French, M.T. , Roebuck, M.C. , Dennis, M.L. , Godley, S. H. , Liddle, H.A. , Tims, F.M. (2003). Outpatient marijuana treatment for adolescents: Economic evaluation of a multisite field experiment. Evaluation Review, 27, 421–459. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **French, M.T. , Zavala, S.K. , McCollister, K.E. , Waldron, H.B. , Turner, C.W. , Ozechowski, T.J. (2008). Cost-effectiveness analysis of four interventions for adolescents with a substance use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34, 272–281. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Flicker, S.M. , Waldron, H.B. , Turner, C.W. , Brody, J.L. , Hops, H. (2008). Ethnic matching and treatment outcome with Hispanic and Anglo substance-abusing adolescents in family therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 439–447. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Fonagy, P. , Roth, A. (2004a). Ein Überblick über die Ergebnisforschung anhand nosologischer Indikationen (Teil 1). Psychotherapeutenjournal, 3, 204–218. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Fonagy, P. , Roth, A. (2004b). Ein Überblick über die Ergebnisforschung anhand nosologischer Indikationen (Teil 2). Psychotherapeutenjournal, 3, 300–314. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • **Friedman, A.S. (1989). Family therapy vs. parent groups: Effect on adolescent drug abusers. American Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 335–347. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Gantner, A. (2006). Multidimensionale Familientherapie für cannabisabhängige Jugendliche. Ergebnisse und Erfahrungen aus der «INCANT»-Pilotstudie. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie & Kinderpsychiatrie, 55, 520–532. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • ***Grawe, K. , Donati, R. , Bernauer, F. (1994). Psychotherapie im Wandel: Von der Konfession zur Profession. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Harwood, T.M. , Beutler, L.E. , Castillo, S. , Karno, M. (2006). Common and specific effects of couples treatment for alcoholism: A test of the generic model of psychotherapy. Psychology & Psychotherapy, 79(Pt. 3), 365–384. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Heinz, A.J. , Wu, J. , Witkiewitz, K. , Epstein, D.H. , Preston, K.L. (2009). Marriage and relationship closeness as predictors of cocaine and heroin use. Addictive Behavior, 34, 258–263. Epub 2008 Nov 1. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Henggeler, S. W. & Borduin, C.M. (1990). Family therapy and beyond: A multisystemic approach to treating the behavior problems of children and adolescents. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • **Henggeler, S. W. , Borduin, C.M. , Melton, G. , Mann, B. , Smith, L. , Hall, J. et al. (1991). Effects of multisystemic therapy on drug use and abuse in serious juvenile offenders: A progress report from two outcome studies. Family Dynamics of Addiction Quarterly, 1(3), 40–51. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • **Henggeler, S. W. , Clingempeel, W.G. , Brondino, M.J. , Pickrel, S. G. (2002). Four-year follow-up of Multisystemic therapy with substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 868–874. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Henggeler, S. W. , Pickrel, S. G. , Brondino, M.J. , Crouch, J.L. (1996). Eliminating (almost) treatment dropout of substance abusing or dependent delinquents through home-based multisystemic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 427–428. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Hogue, A. , Dauber, S. , Chinchilla, P. , Fried, A. , Henderson, C. , Inclan, J. et al. (2008). Assessing fidelity in individual and family therapy for adolescent substance use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35, 137–147. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Joanning, H. , Quinn, W. , Thomas, F. , Mullen, R. (1992). Treating adolescent drug abuse: A comparison of family systems therapy, group therapy, and family drug education. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 18, 345–356. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kamon, J.L. , Stanger, C. , Budney, A.J. , Dumenci, I. (2006). Relations between parent and adolescent problems among adolescents presenting for family-based marijuana abuse treatment. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 85, 244–245. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kang, S.Y. , Kleinmann, P.H. , Woody, G.E. , Millman, R.B. , Todd, T.C. , Kemp, J. et al. (1991). Outcomes for cocaine abusers after once-a-week psychosocial therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 630–635. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Kazdin, A.E. (2000). Developing a research agenda for child and adolescent psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 729–740. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Kazdin, A.E. , Weisz, J.R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 19–36. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Kuenzler, A. , Beutler, L.E. (2003). Couple alcohol treatment benefits patients’ partners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 791–806. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Landau, J. , Stanton, M.D. , Brinkman-Sull, D. , Ikle, D. , McCormick, D. , Garrett, J. et al. (2004). Outcomes with the ARISE approach to engaging reluctant drug- and alcohol-dependent individuals in treatment. American Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse, 30, 711–748. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Lebow, J.L. , Gurman, A.S. (1995). Research assessing couple and family therapy. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 27–57. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Lewis, R.A. , Piercy, F.P. , Sprenkle, D.H. , Trepper, T.S. (1990). Family-based interventions and community networking for helping drug-abusing adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 82–95. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. (2002). Advances in family-based therapy for adolescent substance abuse: Findings from the Multidimensional Family Therapy research program. In L.S. Harris, (Ed.), Problems of Drug Dependence 2001: Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting (NIDA Research Monograph No. 182, NIH Publication No. 02–5097, pp. 113–115). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. , Dakof, G.A. (1995). Efficacy of family therapy for drug abuse: Promising but not definitive. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 21, 511–543. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. , Dakof, G.A. (2002). A randomized controlled trial of intensive outpatient, family based therapy vs. residential drug treatment for co-morbid drug abusers. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 66, S2–S202(#385), S103. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. , Dakof, G.A. , Parker, K. , Diamond, G.S. , Barrett, K. , Tejada, M. (2001). Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug abuse: Results of a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 27, 651–688. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. , Dakof, G.A. , Turner, R.M. , Henderson, C.E. , Greenbaum, P.E. (2008). Treating adolescent drug abuse: A randomized trial comparing multi-dimensional family therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Addiction, 103, 1660–1670. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. , Rowe, C.L. , Dakof, G.A. , Ungaro, R.A. , Henderson, C.E. (2004). Early intervention for adolescent substance abuse: Pretreatment to posttreatment outcomes of a randomized clinical trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and peer group treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36(1), 49–63. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Liddle, H.A. , Rowe, C.L. , Dakof, G.A. , Henderson, C.E. , Greenbaum, P.E. (2009). Multidimensional Family Therapy for young adolescent substance abuse: Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 12–25. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Liddle, H.A. , Rowe, C.L. , Gonzalez, A. , Henderson, C.E. , Dakof, G.A. , Greenbaum, P.E. (2006). Changing provider practices, program environment, and improving outcomes by transporting multidimensional family therapy to an adolescent drug treatment setting. American Journal of Addiction, 15(Suppl. 1), 102–112. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Marvel, F. , Rowe, C. , Colon-Perez, L. , DiClemente, R.J. , Liddle, H. , (2009). Multidimensional Family Therapy HIV/STD Risk Reduction Intervention: An integrative family-based Model for drug-involved juvenile offenders. Family Process, 48(1), 69–84. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • McCrady, B.S. , Ziedonis, D. (2001). American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for substance use disorders. Behavior Therapy, 32, 309–336. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *McCrady, B.S. , Moreau, J. , Paolino, T.J. , Longabaugh, R. (1982). Joint hospitalization and couples therapy for alcoholism: A four-year follow-up. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43, 1244–1250. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *McCrady, B.S. , Paolino, T.F. , Longabaugh, R. , Rossi, J. (1979). Effects of joint hospital admission and couples treatment for hospitalized alcoholics: A pilot study. Addictive Behaviors, 4, 155–165. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *McLellan, A. , Arndt, I. , Metzger, D. , Woody, G. , O’Brian, C. (1993). The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1953–1959. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse . (1999). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A research-based guide (NIH Publication 99–4180). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • ***O’Farrell, T.J. , Fals-Stewart, W. (2001). Family-involved alcoholism treatment. An update. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 15, 329–56. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • O’Farrell, T. , Fals-Stewart, W. (2006). Behavioral Couples Treatment for alcoholism and substance abuse. New York: Guilford. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Ozechowski, T.J. , Liddle, H.A. (2000). Family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse: Knowns and unknowns. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 3, 269–298. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Perepletchikova, F. , Krystal, J.H. , Kaufman, J. (2008). Practitioner review: Adolescent alcohol use disorders: Assessment and treatment issues. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 49, 1131–54. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Pinsof, W.M. , Wynne, L.C. (1995). The effectiveness and efficacy of marital and family therapy: An empirical overview, conclusions, and recommendations. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21, 585–613. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Ritisher, J.B. , Moos, R.H. , Finney, J.W. (2002). Relationship of treatment orientation and continuing care to remission among substance abuse patients. Psychiatric Services, 53, 595–601. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Robbins, M.S. , Alexander, J.F. , Newell, R.M. , Turner, C.W. (1996). The immediate effect of reframing on client attitude in family therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(1), 28–34. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Robbins, M.S. , Alexander, J.F. , Turner, C.W. (2000). Disrupting defensive family interactions in family therapy with delinquent adolescents. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 688–701. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Robbins, M.S. , Horigian, V.E. , Szapocznik, J. (2008). Brief Strategic Family Therapy: Ein empirisch überprüfter Ansatz zur Reduktion von Verhaltensproblemen Jugendlicher. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie & Kinderpsychiatrie, 57, 381–400. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Robbins, M.S. , Liddle, H.A. , Turner, C.W. , Dakof, G.A. , Alexander, J.F. , Kogan, S.M. (2006). Adolescent and parent therapeutic alliances as predictors of dropout in Multidimensional Family Therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 108–116. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Robbins, M.S. , Mayorga, C.C. , Mitrani, V.B. , Szapocznik, J. , Turner, C.W. , Alexander, J.F. (2008). Adolescent and parent alliances with therapists in Brief Strategic Family Therapy with drug-using Hispanic adolescents. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 34, 316–328. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Robbins, M.S. , Szapocznik, J. , Dillon, F.R. , Turner, C.W. , Mitrani, V.B. , Feaster, D.J. (2008). The efficacy of structural ecosystems therapy with drug-abusing/dependent African American and Hispanic American adolescents. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 51–61. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Rohrbaugh, M. , Shoham, V. , Spungen, C. , Steinglass, P. (1995). Family systems therapy in practice: A systemic couples therapy for problem drinking. In B. Bongar, L. Beutler, (Eds.), Foundations of psychotherapy: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 229–253). New York: Oxford University Press. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Romijn, C.M. , Platt, J.J. , Schippers, G.M. (1990). Family therapy for Dutch drug abusers: Replication of an American study. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1127–1149. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rowe, C.L. , Liddle, H.A. (2003). Substance Abuse. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 29(1), 97–120. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Rowe, C.L. , Liddle, H.A. (2006). Family-based treatment development for adolescent alcohol abuse. International Journal of Adolescent Medical Health, 18(1), 43–51. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Rowe, C.L. , Liddle, H.A. , Greenbaum, P.E. , Henderson, C.E. (2004). Impact on psychiatric comorbidity on treatment of adolescent drug abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse & Treatment, 26, 129–140. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Santisteban, D.A. , Suarez-Morales, I. , Robbins, M.S. , Szapocznik, J. (2006). Brief Strategic Family Therapy: Lessons learned in efficacy research and challenges to blending research and practice. Family Process, 45, 259–271. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Santisteban, D.A. , Szapocznik, J. , Perez-Vidal, A. , Kurtines, W. , Murray, E. , LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy of interventions for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 35–44. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schaeffer, C.M. , Borduin, C.M. (2005). Long-term follow-up to a randomized clinical trial of Multisystemic Therapy with serious and violent juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 73, 445–453. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Schindler, A. , Sydow, K. v. , Beher, S. , Retzlaff, R. , Schweitzer-Rothers, J. (2010). Systemische Therapie bei Substanzstörungen: Interaktionelle Kontexte, historische Entwicklung und aktuelle evidenzbasierte Varianten. SUCHT, 56, 13–19. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar

  • Schmidt, S. E. , Liddle, H.A. , Dakof, G.A. (1996). Changes in parental practices and adolescent drug abuse during Multidimensional Family Therapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 12–27. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sheidow, A.J. , Henggeler, S.W. (2008). Multisystemische Therapie mit substanzkonsumierenden Jugendlichen. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie & Kinderpsychiatrie, 57, 401–419. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Shoham, V. , Rohrbaugh, M.J. , Stickle, T.R. , Jacob, T. (1998). Demand-withdraw couple interaction moderates retention in cognitive-behavioral versus family-systems treatments for alcoholism. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 557–577. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Slesnick, N. , Prestopnik, J.L. (2005). Ecologically-based family therapy outcome with substance abusing runaway adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 277–298. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Slesnick, N. , Bartle-Haring, S. , Gangamma, R. (2006). Predictors of substance use and family therapy outcome among physically and sexually abused runaway adolescents. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 32, 261–281. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Smith, D.C. , Hall, J.A. , Williams, J.K. , An, H. , Gotman, N. (2006). Comparative efficacy of family and group treatment for adolescent substance abuse. American Journal on Addictions, 15(Suppl. 1), 131–6. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Smock, S.A. , Trepper, T.S. , Wetchler, J.L. , McCollum, E.E. , Ray, R. , Pierce, K. (2008). Solution-focused group therapy for level 1 substance abusers. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 34(1), 107–120. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • ***Stanton, M. , Shadish, W.R. (1997). Outcome, attrition and family-couples treatment for drug abuse: A meta-analysis and review of controlled comparative studies. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 170–191. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Stanton, M.D. , Todd, T.C. (1982). Family therapy for drug abuse and addiction. New York: Guilford. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Stanton, M.D. , Steier, F. , Todd, T.C. (1982). Paying families for attending sessions: Counteracting the dropout problem. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 8, 371–373. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. (2007). Systemische Psychotherapie (mit Familien, Paaren und Einzelnen). In C. Reimer, J. Eckert, M. Hautzinger, E. Wilke, (Hrsg.), Psychotherapie: Ein Lehrbuch für Ärzte und Psychologen (S. 289–315, 3. vollst. neu bearb. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. (2008). Bindungstheorie und systemische Therapie. Familiendynamik, 33, 260–273. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. , Beher, S. , Retzlaff, R. , Schweitzer-Rothers, J. (2007a). Die Wirksamkeit Systemischer Therapie/Familientherapie. Göttingen: Hogrefe. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. , Beher, S. , Retzlaff, R. , Schweitzer-Rothers, J. (2007b). Systemische Therapie bei Störungen des Erwachsenenalters: Eine Meta-Inhaltsanalyse von 28 randomisierten Primärstudien. Psychotherapeut, 52, 187–211. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. , Beher, S. , Retzlaff, R. , Schweitzer-Rothers, J. (in press). The efficacy of systemic therapy with adult patients: A meta-content analysis of 38 randomized controlled trials. Family Process. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. , Beher, S. , Schweitzer-Rothers, J. , Retzlaff, R. (2006). Systemische Familientherapie bei Störungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters: Eine Meta-Inhaltsanalyse von 47 randomisierten Primärstudien. Psychotherapeut, 51, 107–143. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. , Lieb, R. , Pfister, H. , Höfler, M. , Wittchen, H.U. (2002a). Use, abuse and dependence of ecstasy and related drugs – a transient phenomenon? Results from a longitudinal community study. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 66, 147–159. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Sydow, K. v. , Lieb, R. , Pfister, H. , Höfler, M. , Wittchen, H.U. (2002b). What predicts incident use of cannabis and progression to abuse and dependence? A four year prospective examination of risk factors in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 68, 49–6. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Szapocznik, J. , Kurtines, W.M. , Foote, F.H. , Perez-Vidal, A. , Hervis, O. (1983). Conjoint versus one-person family therapy: Some evidence for the effectiveness of conducting family therapy through one person. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 51, 889–899. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Szapocznik, J. , Kurtines, W.M. , Foote, F.H. , Perez-Vidal, A. , Hervis, O. (1986). Conjoint versus one-person family therapy: Further evidence for the effectiveness of conducting family therapy through one person with drug-abusing adolescents. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 54, 395–397. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Szapocznik, J. , Lopez, B. , Prado, G. , Schwartz, S.J. , Pantin, H. (2006). Outpatient drug abuse treatment for Hispanic adolescents. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 84(Suppl. 1), S54–63. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • **Szapocznik, J. , Perez-Vidal, A. , Brickman, A.L. , Foote, F.H. , Santisteban, D. , Hervis, O. et al. (1988). Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in treatment: A strategic-structural systems approach. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 56, 552–557. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Szapocznik, J. , Prado, G. , Burlew, A.K. , Williams, R.A. , Santisteban, D.A. (2007). Drug abuse in African American and Hispanic adolescents: Culture, development, and behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 77–105. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Thomasius, R. (Hrsg.). (2004). Familientherapeutische Frühbehandlung des Drogenmissbrauchs: Eine Studie zu Therapieeffekten und -prozessen. Hamburg: Dr. Kovac. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • Waldron, H.B. , Turner, C.W. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for adolescent substance abuse. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 238–261. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • **Waldron, H.B. , Slesnick, N. , Brody, J.L. , Turner, C.W. , Peterson, T.R. (2001). Treatment outcomes for adolescent substance abuse at 4- and 7-month assessments. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 69, 802–813. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Psychotherapie . (2009). Gutachten zur wissenschaftlichen Anerkennung der Systemischen Therapie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 106, A208–A211. Verfügbar unter www.aerzteblatt.de/v4/archiv/artikel.asp?src=suche&id=63355 First citation in articleGoogle Scholar

  • *Yandoli, D. , Eisler, I. , Robbins, C. , Mulleady, G. , Dare, C. (2002). A comparative study of family therapy in the treatment of opiate users in a London drug clinic. Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 402–422. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Ziegler-Driscoll, G. (1977). Family research study at Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center. Family Process, 16, 175–190. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar

  • *Zweben, A. , Pearlman, S. , Li, S. (1988). A comparison of brief advice and conjoint therapy in the treatment of alcohol abuse: The results of the marital systems study. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 899–916. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar